Chitsime Choyambirira: Houcheng Liu. Mkhalidwe wa chitukuko ndi momwe makampani opanga magetsi a LED amagwirira ntchito [J]. Journal of Illumination Engineering, 2018,29(04):8-9.
Gwero la Nkhani: Zinthu Zikayamba Kuzama

Kuwala ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera. Kuwala sikuti kumangopereka mphamvu kuti zomera zikule kudzera mu photosynthesis, komanso ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera. Kuwala kopangira kapena kuwala konse kopangira kumatha kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zomera, kuwonjezera zokolola, kusintha mawonekedwe a chinthu, mtundu, kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito, ndikuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda ndi tizilombo. Lero, ndikugawana nanu momwe chitukuko ndi momwe makampani opanga magetsi amapangira zomera amakhalira.
Ukadaulo wopangira magetsi ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pankhani yowunikira zomera. Ma LED ali ndi zabwino zambiri monga kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kuwala, kutentha kochepa, kukula kochepa, kukhala ndi moyo wautali komanso zabwino zina zambiri. Ali ndi zabwino zambiri pankhani yowunikira zomera. Makampani opanga magetsi okulira pang'onopang'ono adzagwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira za LED kuti azilima zomera.

A. Mkhalidwe wa chitukuko cha makampani opanga magetsi owunikira a LED 

1. Phukusi la LED la kuunikira kwa zomera

Mu gawo la ma CD a LED owunikira kukula, pali mitundu yambiri ya zida zomangira, ndipo palibe njira yoyezera ndi kuwunika yogwirizana. Chifukwa chake, poyerekeza ndi zinthu zapakhomo, opanga akunja amayang'ana kwambiri malangizo amphamvu kwambiri, chipolopolo ndi module, poganizira mndandanda wa magetsi oyera owunikira kukula, poganizira za kukula kwa zomera ndi malo owunikira opangidwa ndi anthu, ali ndi ubwino waukulu waukadaulo pakudalirika, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kuwala, mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa photosynthesis a zomera zosiyanasiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana zokulira, kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera zamphamvu kwambiri, zamphamvu zapakati komanso zamphamvu zochepa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuti akwaniritse zosowa za zomera zosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana okulira, akuyembekeza kukwaniritsa cholinga chokulitsa kukula kwa zomera ndikusunga mphamvu.

Ma patent ambiri ofunikira a ma chip epitaxial wafers akadali m'manja mwa makampani otsogola monga Nichia waku Japan ndi American Career. Opanga ma chip m'nyumba akadalibe zinthu zomwe zili ndi patent zomwe zimakhala ndi mpikisano pamsika. Nthawi yomweyo, makampani ambiri akupanganso ukadaulo watsopano pankhani ya ma chips opaka magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, ukadaulo wa ma chips opyapyala a Osram umalola ma chips kuti azipakidwa pamodzi kuti apange malo owunikira akuluakulu. Kutengera ukadaulo uwu, makina owunikira a LED ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri okhala ndi mafunde a 660nm amatha kuchepetsa 40% ya mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dera lolimidwa.

2. Kukulitsa magetsi ndi zipangizo
Kuunikira kwa zomera kumakhala kovuta komanso kosiyanasiyana. Zomera zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pa ma spectra ofunikira m'njira zosiyanasiyana zokulira komanso ngakhale m'malo osiyanasiyana okulira. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyanazi, pakadali pano pali njira zotsatirazi mumakampani: ①Njira zingapo zophatikiza kuwala kwa monochromatic. Ma spectra atatu ogwira mtima kwambiri pa photosynthesis ya zomera makamaka ndi ma spectrum okhala ndi nsonga pa 450nm ndi 660nm, gulu la 730nm lopangitsa maluwa a zomera, kuphatikiza kuwala kobiriwira kwa 525nm ndi gulu la ultraviolet pansi pa 380nm. Phatikizani mitundu iyi ya ma spectra malinga ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana za zomera kuti mupange gulu loyenera kwambiri. ②Njira yonse ya ma spectra kuti mukwaniritse kufalikira kwathunthu kwa ma spectra ofunikira a zomera. Mtundu uwu wa ma spectra ofanana ndi chip cha SUNLIKE choyimiridwa ndi Seoul Semiconductor ndi Samsung mwina sungakhale wothandiza kwambiri, koma ndi woyenera zomera zonse, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wa ma solutions ophatikiza kuwala kwa monochromatic. ③Gwiritsani ntchito kuwala koyera kokhala ndi sipekitiramu yonse ngati chida chachikulu, komanso kuwala kofiira kwa 660nm ngati njira yophatikizira kuti muwongolere kugwira ntchito bwino kwa sipekitiramu. Njirayi ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza.

Zipangizo zopakira za LED zowunikira zomera (mafunde akuluakulu ndi 450nm, 660nm, 730nm) zimaphimbidwa ndi makampani ambiri am'nyumba ndi akunja, pomwe zinthu zam'nyumba ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhala ndi zofunikira zambiri, ndipo zinthu za opanga akunja zimakhala zofanana kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, pankhani ya photosynthetic photon flux, Light efficiency, ndi zina zotero, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa opanga ma phukusi am'nyumba ndi akunja. Pa zipangizo zopakira za kuwala kwa zomera, kuwonjezera pa zinthu zomwe zili ndi mafunde akuluakulu a 450nm, 660nm, ndi 730nm, opanga ambiri akupanganso zinthu zatsopano m'mafunde ena kuti akwaniritse kufalikira kwathunthu kwa mafunde a radiation (PAR) (450-730nm).

Magetsi a LED opangidwa ndi monochromatic sali oyenera kukula kwa zomera zonse. Chifukwa chake, ubwino wa ma LED opangidwa ndi ma spectrum onse ukuwonetsedwa. Ma spectrum onse ayenera choyamba kukwaniritsa kufalikira kwathunthu kwa kuwala konse kowoneka (400-700nm), ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a magulu awiriwa: kuwala kwabuluu-wobiriwira (470-510nm), kuwala kofiira kwambiri (660-700nm). Gwiritsani ntchito chip yabuluu ya LED wamba kapena ultraviolet LED yokhala ndi phosphor kuti mupeze spectrum "yonse", ndipo mphamvu yake yopangira photosynthesis ili ndi yapamwamba komanso yotsika. Opanga ambiri opanga zida zoyeretsera za LED zoyera amagwiritsa ntchito Blue chip + phosphors kuti akwaniritse spectrum yonse. Kuphatikiza pa njira yopakira ya kuwala kwa monochromatic ndi kuwala kwabuluu kapena ultraviolet chip kuphatikiza phosphor kuti apange kuwala koyera, zida zopakira za zomera zimakhalanso ndi njira yopakira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ma chip awiri kapena kuposerapo a wavelength, monga red ten blue/ultraviolet, RGB, RGBW. Njira yopakira iyi ili ndi ubwino waukulu pakuchepetsa kuwala.

Ponena za zinthu za LED zotalika pang'ono, ogulitsa ambiri opaka ma CD amatha kupatsa makasitomala zinthu zosiyanasiyana za mafunde mu gulu la 365-740nm. Ponena za magetsi opangidwa ndi zomera omwe amasinthidwa ndi phosphors, opanga ambiri opaka ma CD ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma spectrum omwe makasitomala angasankhe. Poyerekeza ndi 2016, kuchuluka kwa malonda ake mu 2017 kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Pakati pawo, kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa LED kwa 660nm kuli pakati pa 20%-50%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa malonda kwa kuwala kwa LED kwa zomera zomwe zimasinthidwa ndi phosphors kufika pa 50%-200%, ndiko kuti, malonda a magetsi a LED omwe amasinthidwa ndi phosphors akukula mofulumira.

Makampani onse opaka zinthu amatha kupereka zinthu zopaka zinthu za 0.2-0.9 W ndi 1-3 W. Magwero a kuwala amenewa amalola opanga magetsi kukhala ndi kusinthasintha kwabwino pakupanga magetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga ena amaperekanso zinthu zopaka zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri. Pakadali pano, zopitilira 80% za katundu wa opanga ambiri ndi 0.2-0.9 W kapena 1-3 W. Pakati pawo, katundu wa makampani otsogola padziko lonse lapansi wopaka zinthu uli mu 1-3 W, pomwe katundu wa makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati wopaka zinthu uli mu 0.2-0.9 W.

3. Minda yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi okulira zomera

Kuchokera pa ntchito, magetsi owunikira zomera amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa magetsi obiriwira, mafakitale opangira magetsi opangira zomera, ulimi wa minofu ya zomera, magetsi a panja m'munda, ndiwo zamasamba zapakhomo ndi kubzala maluwa, komanso kafukufuku wa m'ma laboratories.

①Mu malo osungiramo zomera okhala ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi malo osungiramo zomera okhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ambiri, kuchuluka kwa kuwala kopangira magetsi kowonjezera kumakhala kochepa, ndipo nyali zachitsulo za halide ndi nyali za sodium zopanikizika kwambiri ndizo zazikulu. Kulowa kwa magetsi a LED kumachepa, koma kukula kumayamba kukwera pamene mtengo ukutsika. Chifukwa chachikulu ndichakuti ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi chidziwitso cha nthawi yayitali chogwiritsa ntchito nyali zachitsulo za halide ndi nyali za sodium zopanikizika kwambiri, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito nyali zachitsulo za halide ndi nyali za sodium zopanikizika kwambiri kungapereke pafupifupi 6% mpaka 8% ya mphamvu yotentha ya greenhouse pamene akupewa kutentha kwa zomera. Dongosolo la kuwala kwa LED silinapereke malangizo enieni komanso othandiza komanso chithandizo cha deta, zomwe zinachedwetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake masana ndi m'nyumba zosungiramo zomera zokhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ambiri. Pakadali pano, ntchito zazing'ono zowonetsera zikadali zofunika kwambiri. Popeza LED ndi gwero lozizira la kuwala, imatha kukhala pafupi ndi denga la zomera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kuchepe. Mu malo osungiramo zomera okhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ambiri, kuwala kwa LED kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polima zomera zosiyanasiyana.

②Kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'munda waulimi wakunja. Kulowa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'minda yaulimi kwakhala kochedwa, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a LED (photoperiod control) pa mbewu zakunja zomwe zimakhala ndi phindu lalikulu (monga zipatso za chinjoka) kwapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko mwachangu.

③Mafakitale a Zomera. Pakadali pano, makina owunikira zomera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu komanso mofala kwambiri ndi fakitale ya zomera zopangira magetsi, yomwe imagawidwa m'mafakitale oyendera magetsi okhala ndi zigawo zambiri komanso ogawidwa mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi gulu. Kukula kwa mafakitale opangira magetsi ku China kuli kofulumira kwambiri. Bungwe lalikulu loyika ndalama mu fakitale ya zomera zopangira magetsi okhala ndi zigawo zambiri si makampani achikhalidwe a zaulimi, koma ndi makampani ambiri omwe amachita zinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi, monga Zhongke San'an, Foxconn, Panasonic Suzhou, Jingdong, komanso COFCO ndi Xi Cui ndi makampani ena atsopano amakono a zaulimi. M'mafakitale ogawa ndi oyenda, zotengera zotumizira (zotengera zatsopano kapena kumanganso zotengera zakale) zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati zonyamulira wamba. Makina owunikira zomera a zomera zonse zopangira amagwiritsa ntchito makina owunikira a linear kapena flat-panel, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mitundu yobzalidwa kukupitilira kukula. Magwero osiyanasiyana a kuwala kwa LED akuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso mochuluka. Zogulitsa zomwe zili pamsika makamaka ndi masamba obiriwira.

④Kubzala zomera zapakhomo. LED ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu nyali za patebulo la zomera zapakhomo, malo obzala zomera zapakhomo, makina olima ndiwo zamasamba zapakhomo, ndi zina zotero.

⑤Kulima zomera zamankhwala. Kulima zomera zamankhwala kumaphatikizapo zomera monga Anoectochilus ndi Lithospermum. Zogulitsa m'misika iyi zili ndi phindu lalikulu pazachuma ndipo pakadali pano ndi makampani omwe ali ndi ntchito zambiri zowunikira zomera. Kuphatikiza apo, kuvomerezedwa kwa kulima chamba ku North America ndi madera ena a ku Europe kwalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a LED pakulima chamba.

⑥Malawi a maluwa. Monga chida chofunikira kwambiri chosinthira nthawi yophukira maluwa m'makampani opanga maluwa, kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa magetsi a maluwa kunali nyali zoyatsira, kutsatiridwa ndi nyali zowunikira zomwe zimasunga mphamvu. Ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale a LED, magetsi ambiri amitundu ya LED pang'onopang'ono alowa m'malo mwa nyali zachikhalidwe.

⑦Kukula kwa minofu ya zomera. Magwero a kuwala kwachikhalidwe kwa minofu makamaka ndi nyali zoyera za fluorescent, zomwe sizimawala kwambiri komanso zimapangitsa kutentha kwambiri. Ma LED ndi oyenera kwambiri kukulitsa minofu ya zomera bwino, yowongoka komanso yaying'ono chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo abwino monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, kupanga kutentha kochepa komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali. Pakadali pano, machubu oyera a LED akuyamba kusintha pang'onopang'ono nyali zoyera za fluorescent.

4. Kugawa makampani owunikira zomera m'madera osiyanasiyana

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pakadali pano pali makampani owunikira zomera opitilira 300 m'dziko langa, ndipo makampani owunikira zomera m'dera la Pearl River Delta ndi opitilira 50%, ndipo ali kale pamalo apamwamba. Makampani owunikira zomera ku Yangtze River Delta ndi okwana 30%, ndipo akadali malo ofunikira opangira zinthu zowunikira zomera. Makampani owunikira zomera akale amagawidwa makamaka ku Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta ndi Bohai Rim, komwe Yangtze River Delta ndi okwana 53%, ndipo Pearl River Delta ndi Bohai Rim ndi okwana 24% ndi 22% motsatana. Madera akuluakulu ogawa magetsi a LED ndi Pearl River Delta (62%), Yangtze River Delta (20%) ndi Bohai Rim (12%).

B. Kukula kwa makampani opanga magetsi owunikira a LED

1. Kudziwa bwino ntchito

Kuwala kwa LED kuli ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi kuwala kosinthika komanso mphamvu ya kuwala, kutentha kochepa, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino osalowa madzi, kotero ndikoyenera kuunikira kwa zomera m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nthawi yomweyo, kusintha kwa chilengedwe ndi kufunafuna kwa anthu chakudya chabwino kwalimbikitsa chitukuko champhamvu cha ulimi wa malo ndi mafakitale olima, ndipo kwatsogolera makampani olima magetsi a LED kulowa munthawi yakukula mwachangu. M'tsogolomu, kuwala kwa LED kudzagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukweza bwino ntchito zaulimi, kukonza chitetezo cha chakudya, komanso kukonza ubwino wa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Gwero la kuwala kwa LED la kuwala kwa zomera lidzakula kwambiri ndi akatswiri amakampani pang'onopang'ono ndikuyenda mbali yolunjika kwambiri.

2. Kuchita bwino kwambiri

Kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kuwala ndi mphamvu ndiye chinsinsi chochepetsera kwambiri ndalama zogwirira ntchito zowunikira zomera. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma LED m'malo mwa nyali zachikhalidwe komanso kukonza bwino malo owala malinga ndi zofunikira pa njira yowunikira zomera kuyambira nthawi yobzala mpaka nthawi yokolola ndi njira zosapeŵeka za ulimi wokonzedwa bwino mtsogolo. Ponena za kukulitsa zokolola, ikhoza kulimidwa m'magawo ndi madera pamodzi ndi njira yowunikira malinga ndi momwe zomera zimakulira kuti ziwongolere kupanga bwino komanso kukolola pagawo lililonse. Ponena za kukweza ubwino, malamulo azakudya ndi malamulo a kuwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa michere ndi zinthu zina zothandiza paumoyo.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kufunikira kwa mbande zamasamba mdziko muno ndi 680 biliyoni, pomwe mphamvu yopangira mbande za fakitale ndi yochepera 10%. Makampani opanga mbande ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa chilengedwe. Nyengo yopangira nthawi zambiri imakhala yozizira ndi masika. Kuwala kwachilengedwe ndi kofooka ndipo kuwala kowonjezera kopangira kumafunika. Kuwala kwa zomera kumakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zolowera ndi kutulutsa ndipo kulandiridwa kwakukulu kwa zinthu zolowera. Ma LED ali ndi ubwino wapadera, chifukwa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba (tomato, nkhaka, mavwende, ndi zina zotero) ziyenera kulumikizidwa, ndipo kuwala kowonjezera komwe kumawonjezera pakakhala chinyezi chambiri kungathandize kuchiritsa mbande zolumikizidwa. Kuwala kowonjezera kobzala m'mamasamba obiriwira kungathandize kuchiza kusowa kwa kuwala kwachilengedwe, kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya photosynthesis ya zomera, kulimbikitsa maluwa ndi zipatso, kuwonjezera zokolola, ndikuwonjezera mtundu wa zinthu. Kuwala kwa LED kumakhala ndi mwayi waukulu wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda yamasamba ndi kupanga nyumba yobiriwira.

3. Wanzeru

Kuunikira kwa zomera kumafuna kwambiri kuwongolera kuwala nthawi yeniyeni komanso kuchuluka kwa kuwala. Ndi kusintha kwa ukadaulo wowongolera wanzeru komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ya Zinthu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma spectrum a monochromatic ndi machitidwe owongolera anzeru amatha kuwongolera nthawi, kuwongolera kuwala, ndipo malinga ndi momwe zomera zimakulira, kusintha kwa kuwala kwanthawi yake komanso kutulutsa kuwala kudzakhala njira yayikulu pakukula kwa ukadaulo wowunikira zomera mtsogolo.