Zojambula: M'zaka zaposachedwa, pofufuza mosalekeza ndi ukadaulo wamakono wamakhalidwe abwino, wopanga fakitale wa fakitale wapanganso mwachangu. Pepala ili limafotokoza za mawonekedwe a Quo, mavuto omwe alipo komanso kukhazikika kwa mafakitale a fakitale ndi mafakitale, ndipo akuyembekezera momwe zinthu ziliri ndi chiyembekezo chazomera mtsogolo.

1.

1.1 Mkhalidwe wa Ukadaulo wakunja

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 2000 zino, kafukufuku wa mafakitale a mbewu amayang'ana kwambiri pakusintha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, zida za magawo angapo mbali zitatu, komanso kafukufuku komanso chitukuko chanzeru komanso chitukuko. M'zaka za m'ma 2000 zino, zonunkhira zowala zantchito zakhala zikupita patsogolo, kupereka chithandizo chofunikira kwambiri kuti ntchito ibweretse magwero osungitsa mphamvu muzomera. Chiba yunivesite ku Japan yapanga zikwama zingapo zotsekemera, zowononga zachilengedwe, ndi njira yolimitsira. Yunivesite ya Wageningen ku Netherlands imagwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera mbeu komanso luso lamphamvu kuti apange zida zanzeru za zobzala zobzala, zomwe zimachepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndikuwathandiza kwambiri kugwira ntchito.

Zaka zaposachedwa, zobzala mafakitale tazindikira pang'onopang'ono njira zopangira njira kuchokera kufesa, kumera kukweza, ndikuyika, ndi kututa. Japan, Netherlands, ndi United States ali kutsogolo, ndi makina okwera, ogwira ntchito, komanso luntha la ulimi komanso kuwongolera komwe kumachitika.

1.2 Ukadaulo waluso ku China

1.2.1 Intergiztdizd adatsogolera gwero loyera ndi zida zamagetsi zopulumutsa mphamvu zopepuka mu fakitale

Magawo ofiira ofiira ndi amtambo ofiira opanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana yobzala muzomera zimapangidwa wina pambuyo pake. Magetsi amachokera ku 30 mpaka 300 w, ndipo magetsi owala ndi 80 mpaka 500 μmol / (m2 ma), magawo owoneka bwino, kuti akwaniritse zotsatira za bwino kwambiri Kusunga mphamvu ndikusintha zofuna za kukula kwa mbewu ndi kuyatsa. Pankhani yoyendetsa yopepuka yotentha, kapangidwe kake kamene kakuwala kwa fajiyo kwayambika, komwe kumachepetsa kuvunda kwa gwero la Kuwala ndikuwonetsetsa moyo wa chiwonetserochi. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yochepetsera kutentha kwa gwero la LED kudzera pa yankho la michere kapena madzi ofalitsidwa. Pankhani yopepuka kasamalidwe kamene kamayambira, molingana ndi lamulo lazopeka adakwaniritsidwa. Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi kumera fakitale yowunikira kungayankhule 50% mpaka 60% ya mphamvu yonse yogwira ntchito fakitale. Ngakhale kutsogozedwa kupulumutsa mphamvu 50% poyerekeza ndi nyali za fluorescent, pamakhala kuthekera komanso kufunikira ka kafukufuku pa kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi kumwa.

1.2.2 Maukadaulo ambiri atatu ndi zida zamitundu iwiri

Kulima kosanjikiza kwa magawo atatu a magawo atatu kumachepetsedwa chifukwa kutsogozedwa kumatula nyali ya fluorescent, yomwe imawongolera mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe atatuwo. Pali maphunziro ambiri pamapangidwe a pansi pa kama. Mbewu zokwezedwa zimapangidwa kuti zipangidwe zotchinga zovuta, zomwe zingathandize kubzala mizu kuti itenge michere ya michere makamaka ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosungunuka. Pogwiritsa ntchito bolodi ya colouning, pali njira ziwiri zolembera, ndiye kuti, makapu apulogalamu aptchini a mitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena njira ya sponge atsetsing. Dongosolo lokhala ndi bedi lokhalamo latuluka, ndipo ndodo yobzala ndi mbewu zomwe zitha kusungunuka pamanja mbali inayo, pozindikira njira yopangira bedi ndi kukolola kumapeto kwake. Pakadali pano, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu itatu yopanda minyewa yosiyanasiyana ndayamba. Tekinoloje yomwe yatchulidwa mwachangu.

1.2.3 Mlandu wa Non 25.3 Njira Yofalitsira ndi zida

Pambuyo pa yankho la michere lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera ma madzi ndi mchere. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa yankho lokonzekera bwino kwambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa njira ya acid-base kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyeza EC ndi Ph. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi mizu yambiri mu njira ya michere imafunika kuchotsedwa ndi fyuluta. Muzu watulutsidwa mu michere ya michere imatha kuchotsedwa ndi njira za Phoctatalytic kuti mupewe zopinga zopumira mu hydroponics, koma pali ziwopsezo zina zomwe zimapezeka.

1.2.4 Technology Contrictoji Yachilengedwe ndi zida

Kuyera kwa mpweya kwa malo opanga ndi chimodzi mwazowonetsa zofunikira za mpweya wabwino. Ukhondo wa mpweya (zisonyezo za tinthu tating'onoting'onoting'ono ndikukhazikika mabakiteriya) mu malo opanga fakitale yolima pansi pa fakitale iyenera kuwongoleredwa pamlingo wopitilira 100,000. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthupi, chithandizo chogwiritsira ntchito mpweya wa mpweya, ndipo dongosolo loyeretsa mpweya wabwino kwa mpweya (dongosolo la ku fayilo ya ndege) ndi njira zonse zoyambira. Kutentha ndi chinyezi, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi mpweya wa mpweya wa mpweya mu malo opanga ndi chinthu chinanso chofunikira kwambiri cha mpweya wabwino. Malinga ndi malipoti, kukhazikitsa zida monga mabokosi amlengalenga, mabatani a mpweya, malo ogulitsira a mpweya amatha kuwongolera ma khwawa ndi kukwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri ndikukumana ndi zosowa za mbewu m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kutentha, chinyezi komanso dongosolo lolamulira la co2 ndi dongosolo la mpweya wabwino limaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo lozungulira la mpweya. Makina atatuwo ayenera kugawana nawo mpweya, mpweya wolowera ndi mpweya, ndikupereka mphamvu kudzera pa katoni kuti azindikire kufalikira kwa mpweya wa mpweya, kuwononga ndi kusinthika kwa mpweya wabwino. Imawonetsetsa kuti kupanga mbewu mu fakitale ya mbewuyo ndi kwapadera kwa tizirombo ndi matenda, ndipo palibe ntchito yamastiction pocction. Nthawi yomweyo, kufanana kwa kutentha, chinyezi, komanso kukhazikika kwa malo okwera zachilengedwe zomwe zili mu canopy zimatsimikizika kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za mbewu.

2. Mkhalidwe wa chitukuko cha fakitale yamafakitale

2.1 Udindo wa Zomera Zakumapeto

Ku Japan, kafukufukuyu ndi chitukuko ndi kufalikira kwa mafakitale opanga amafulumira, ndipo ali pamlingo wotsogolera. Mu 2010, boma la Japan lidakhazikitsa pafupifupi 25 biliyoni 50 Yen kuti lithandizire kufufuza kwaukadaulo ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale. Mabungwe asanu ndi atatu kuphatikiza Chiba University ndi Japan Wobssot Fact Fanvation Adsent. Kampani yamtsogolo ya Japan idagwira ntchito yowonetsera yowonekera ya fakitale ya chomera ndikutulutsa tsiku lililonse. Mu 2012, mtengo wopanga fakitaleyo anali 700 yen / kg. Mu 2014, fakitale yamakono fakitale ku Taga Castle, miyagi idamalizidwa, kukhala fakitale yoyamba ya LED Kuyambira 2016, mafakitale a LED adalowa munjira yofulumira ya mafakitale ku Japan, ndipo kuswa, ngakhale mabizinesi opindulitsa atuluka wina. Mu 2018, zobzala zazikulu-zomera zazikulu za mbewu za tsiku ndi tsiku mpaka 100,000 kufika zina, ndipo mafakitale apadziko lonse lapansi anali akutukuka kwakukulu, akatswiri komanso anzeru. Nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi minda ina idayamba kuyika ndalama zamakono. Mu 2020, gawo la msika la letesi lopangidwa ndi mafakitale a Japan lidzawerengera pafupifupi 10% ya msika wonse wa letesi. Pakati pa mafakitale oposa 250 ochita opareshoni, 20% ali mu gawo lopanga, 50% ali pa nthawi yopumira, ngakhale 30% ali mu gawo lopindulitsa, kuphatikiza mitundu yolima monga Letesi, zitsamba, ndi mbande.

Netherlands ndi mtsogoleri weniweni wapadziko lonse lapansi pantchito yophatikiza ndi kuwala kwa fakitale yobzala, ndikupanga maluso ndi osasinthika, ndipo tsopano watumiza matekinoloje amphamvu Zogulitsa ku Middle East, Africa ndi mayiko ena. Famu ya American Arofaarms ili ku Neark, New Jersey, USA, ndi dera la 6500 m2. Amakula kwambiri masamba ndi zonunkhira, ndipo zotulukapo ndi pafupifupi 900 t / chaka.

Kulima Kulima mu Aeroferms

Kulima Chomera Chomera cha kampani yokwanira ku United States ku United States kukhazikitsidwa ndi kuyatsa kwamiyendo ndi kutalika kwa 6 m. Zomera zimamera kuchokera kumbali za obzala. Kudalira pa mphamvu yokoka, njira iyi yobzala siyifuna mapa mapa mapa mapa mapa mapa mapa mapa mapa mapa mapa mapa mapa mapapommiming wamba. Zambiri zimanena kuti kuli famu yake nthawi 350 zotsatirazi zotulutsa famu yachilendo ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi 1% okha.

Kulima Chomera Chomera, Kampani Yonse

2.2 Mndandanda Wapakatikati Wapakati ku China

Mu 2009, fakitale yoyamba yopanga china ku China ndi mafano anzeru pamene maziko adamangidwa ndikugwiridwa ku Chanchun Welko Park. Malo omangawo ndi 200 m2, ndipo zachilengedwe monga kutentha, chinyezi, chopepuka, chofunda cha fakitale chimatha kuwunika fakitale ya mbewu.

Mu 2010, fakitale ya Totzhou lomera lopangidwa mu Beijing. Katundu waukulu amatenga nyumba imodzi yosanjikiza ndi malo omanga 1289 m2. Amakhala ngati nyali yonyamula ndege, posonyeza kuti Malimi aku China akumatsogolera pofika muukadaulo waulimi wamakono. Zida zokhazokha zomwe masamba zimapangidwa masamba ambiri zakonzedwa, zomwe zakhala zikuwongolera kuchuluka kwazopanga komanso mphamvu yopanga mawonekedwe. Fakitale yamera imatengera dongosolo la kampu la kutentha ndi dongosolo lamphamvu lamphamvu kwambiri, lomwe limathetsa vuto la ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito fakitale.

Mkati ndi kunja kwa lingaliro la Totzhou chomera

Mu 2013, makampani azachipatala ambiri adakhazikitsidwa mu malo omwe akuwonetsedwa apamwamba kwambiri owonekera, Shaanxi. Ambiri mwa mafakitale a fakitale ya Fakitoli pomanga ndi opaleshoni amapezeka m'mapaki apamwamba kwambiri owonetsera zaukadaulo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazowonetsera zamakono za sayansi komanso zoyeserera. Chifukwa cha zoperewera zawo zogwira ntchito, ndizovuta kwa zobzala za sayansi zodziwika bwino kuti zitheke ndi zokolola zambiri zomwe zimafunikira, ndipo zingakhale zovuta kuti akhale mtundu wa mafakitale mtsogolo.

Mu 2015, wopanga chipya wa ku LED ku China adagwirizana ndi Boyna la Chitchalitchi cha Sayansi ya sayansi kuti ayambe kukhazikitsidwa kwa kampani yopanga fakitale. Ikuwoloka m'mafakitale a Aptoectronic ku "makampani a" kujambulidwa " Fakitale lake la mbewu limadzipereka kupanga ndalama zogulitsa zithunzi zomwe zikubwera, zomwe zimakhazikitsa kafukufuku wasayansi, kupanga, chiwonetsero, makulitsidwe, ndi likulu lamiliyoni 100. Mu June 2016, fakitaleyi fakitale yamera yokhala ndi nyumba yokhazikika ya 3,000 m2 ndi kulima kwa 10,000 M2 idamalizidwa ndikuchita opareshoni. Pofika mu Meyi 2017, kuchuluka kopanga tsiku ndi tsiku kudzakhala makilogalamu 1,500 masamba a masamba, ofanana ndi 15,000 chomera patsiku.

Mawonedwe a kampaniyi

3. Mavuto ndi zolemba zomwe zimakumana ndi mafakitale

3.1 Mavuto

3.1.1 Mtengo Womanga Wapamwamba

Mafakitale azomera ayenera kupanga mbewu m'malo otsekedwa. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kumanga ntchito zothandizira othandizira ndi zida zothandizira kukonza, makina owongolera mpweya, kuwala kwamphamvu, njira zophatikizika, njira yosinthira yamakompyuta, ndi njira zowongolera zamakompyuta. Mtengo womangawu ndi wokwera.

3.1.2 Mtengo Wochita Zambiri

Malingaliro ambiri oyeserera omwe amafunikira ndi mafakitale a kubzala amachokera ku magetsi a ku LED, zomwe zimadya magetsi ambiri popereka mawonekedwe ofananira pakukula kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Zida monga zowongolera mpweya, mpweya wabwino mu kupanga mafakitale azomeranso, motero ndalama zamagetsi ndizowononga kwambiri. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pakati pa mitengo yopanga mbewu, magetsi amatenga akaunti ya 29%, ndalama zolipirira ndalama za 23%.

Kuwonongeka kwa mtengo wopangira fakitale

3.1.3 yotsika mtengo

Fakitale yogwiritsira ntchito yomera ikugwira ntchito yotsika, komanso njira monga mmera, kuthiridwa, kubzala kumunda, kubzala moto, chifukwa ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito.

3.1.4 mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera zomwe zingakulitsidwe

Pakadali pano, mitundu ya mbewu yabwino yobzala mafakitale ndi yochepa kwambiri, makamaka masamba obiriwira omwe amakula msanga, kuvomera mosavuta magwero owoneka bwino, ndipo amakhala ndi denga. Kubzala kwakukulu sikungachitike kuti zichitike zofunikira zobzala (monga mbewu zomwe zimafunikira kuti mupukutira, etc.).

3.2 Njira Yachitukuko

Poganizira mavuto omwe ali ndi fakitale yazomera, ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku kuchokera pazosiyanasiyana monga ukadaulo ndi opaleshoni. Poyankha mavuto omwe ali pano, mayanjano ali motere.

. Kukula kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi kuyendetsa galimoto kumathandiza kukwaniritsa kasamalidwe kabwino komanso koyenerera kwambiri.

. Kukula kwa malo okwera kwambiri ndi zida, umisiri wopulumutsa mphamvu ndi zida zopulumutsa mphamvu, etc., kukonza mafakitale a mafakitale azomera, ndizothandiza pakuthana kwa pachaka.

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4. Chitukuko cha chitukuko komanso chiyembekezo cha fakitale

4.1 Kupanga ukadaulo

4.1.1 Kuchita mwanzeru

Kutengera ndi makina ojambula ndi kuwonongeka ndikuchotsa njira yopumira ya mbewu ya loboti, yopanda kanthu kakang'ono komanso yotuta mphamvu yothetsera njira yolumikizirana ndi mitundu yambiri ndi osavomerezeka, owononga komanso osawonongeka kwambiri pamafakitale apamwamba - maboti ndi zida zothandizira monga Kubzala kubzala kuyenera kupangidwa, ndikuzindikira kuti ntchito yonseyo ikugwira ntchito.

4.1.2 Kupanga kupanga zowongolera

Kutengera ndi njira yoyankhira mbewu ndi chitukuko ku kuwala kwa radiation, kutentha, chinyezi cha crooprit, njira yochulukitsa yazomera ziyenera kupangidwa. Mtundu wa malo wamba uyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti usanthule masamba a Lefy masamba ndi maofesi. Kuzindikira kwamphamvu kwapaintaneti ndi njira zowongolera zowongolera zachilengedwe ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Njira yothandizirana yogwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi mapangidwe anzeru pakupanga fakitale yonse yaulimi iyenera kupangidwa.

4.1.3 Kupanga kaboni wotsika ndi kupulumutsa mphamvu

Kukhazikitsa dongosolo la madandaulo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi osinthika monga dzuwa ndi mphepo kuti muthe kufalitsa mphamvu ndi kuwongolera mphamvu zamagetsi kuti mukwaniritse zolinga zokwanira. Kulanda ndikugwiritsa ntchito zotulukapo za Co2 kuti zithandizire mbewu.

4.1.3 Mtengo Wapamwamba wa Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana

Njira zochitikira ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zibwereke mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodzala, gwiritsani ntchito njira yolimitsira ukadaulo, kusankhidwa kwamitundu, mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, komanso kupanga zida zamagetsi, ndikupanga kusintha kwanzeru.

4.2 Chiyembekezo Chachilengedwe

Mafakitale azomera amatha kuchotsa zopinga zachuma ndi chilengedwe, zindikirani kuti kupanga kwaulimi, ndikukopa m'badwo watsopano wa anthu ogwira ntchito. Njira yofunikira yaukadaulo yofikira ndi kufalikira kwa mbewu za China zaku China zikukhala mtsogoleri wadziko lonse. Pogwiritsa ntchito gwero la gwero la LED, digito, zoyendetsa zokha, komanso mafakitale anzeru omwe amapereka ndalama zambiri, zotsatsa zobzala, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano, ndi zida zatsopano. Mwanjira imeneyi, kuphatikiza ukadaulo wodziwa zambiri komanso zida ndi zida zomwe zitha kuzindikirika, maofesi anzeru komanso osavomerezeka amatha kusintha, kuwononga ndalama pogwiritsa ntchito zatsopano, komanso pang'onopang'ono Kulima misika yapadera, mafakitale anzeru amabwera nthawi yachitukuko.

Malinga ndi malipoti ofufuza pamsika, kukula kwa msika wapadziko lonse mu 2020 ndi US $ 2.9 biliyoni, ndipo akuyembekezeka kuti pofika 2025, ndipo akuyembekezeka kukula kwa mphindi 20 biliyoni. Mwachidule, mafakitale abzala ali ndi chiyembekezo chothandiza ndi chitukuko.

Wolemba: Zengchan Zhou, Weidong, etc

Zambiri Zosachedwa:Vutoli ndi chiyembekezo chaposachedwa cha fakitale yamafakitale [j]. Ukadaulo waulimi wa zaulimi, 2022, 42 (1): 18-23.Ndi Zengchan Zhou, Wei DOng, Xiugang Li, et al.