Chen Tongqiang, etc. Ukadaulo waumisiri waulimi wobzala wowonjezera kutentha Losindikizidwa ku Beijing nthawi ya 17:30 pa Januware 6, 2023.

Zabwino za rhizosphere EC ndi pH kuwongolera ndizofunikira kuti mukwaniritse zokolola zambiri za phwetekere mumayendedwe opanda dothi mu greenhouse yanzeru.M'nkhaniyi, phwetekere idatengedwa ngati chinthu chobzala, ndipo rhizosphere yoyenera EC ndi pH osiyanasiyana adafotokozedwa mwachidule, komanso njira zofananira zaukadaulo pakachitika zachilendo, kuti afotokozere za kubzala kwenikweni mu miyambo galasi greenhouses.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, malo obzala magalasi okhala ndi magalasi angapo anzeru ku China afika pa 630hm2, ndipo akukulabe.Wowonjezera kutentha wagalasi amaphatikiza zida ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, ndikupanga malo oyenera kukula kwa mbewu.Kuwongolera kwabwino kwa chilengedwe, kuthirira kolondola kwa madzi ndi feteleza, kulima moyenera komanso kuteteza zomera ndi zinthu zinayi zofunika kwambiri kuti tipeze zokolola zambiri komanso tomato wapamwamba.Pankhani yothirira ndendende, cholinga chake ndikusunga rhizosphere EC, pH, madzi apansi panthaka ndi rhizosphere ion concentration.Good rhizosphere EC ndi pH kukhutitsa chitukuko cha mizu ndi mayamwidwe madzi ndi fetereza, amene ndi zofunika zofunika kuti zomera kukula, photosynthesis, transpiration ndi makhalidwe ena kagayidwe kachakudya.Chifukwa chake, kusunga malo abwino a rhizosphere ndikofunikira kuti mupeze zokolola zambiri.

Kusawongolera kwa EC ndi pH mu rhizosphere kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zosasinthika pakukula kwa madzi, kukula kwa mizu, kuyamwa kwa mizu-feteleza bwino-chomera chosowa michere, mayamwidwe a ion ndende-feteleza-mayamwidwe a chomera ndi zina zotero.Kubzala ndi kupanga phwetekere mu wowonjezera kutentha kumatengera chikhalidwe chopanda dothi.Pambuyo pa kusakanikirana kwa madzi ndi feteleza, kuperekedwa kwa madzi ndi feteleza kophatikizana kumazindikiridwa ngati njira yoponya mivi.The EC, pH, pafupipafupi, chilinganizo, kuchuluka kwa madzi kubwerera ndi ulimi wothirira kuyamba nthawi ya ulimi wothirira zidzakhudza mwachindunji rhizosphere EC ndi pH.M'nkhaniyi, rhizosphere yoyenera EC ndi pH mu gawo lililonse la kubzala phwetekere adafotokozeredwa mwachidule, ndipo zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a EC ndi pH zidawunikidwa ndikuwunikiranso njira zowongolera, zomwe zidapereka chidziwitso ndiukadaulo pakupangira magalasi achikhalidwe. greenhouses.

Yoyenera rhizosphere EC ndi pH pa magawo osiyanasiyana a kukula kwa phwetekere

Rhizosphere EC imawonekera makamaka mu ndende ya ion ya zinthu zazikulu mu rhizosphere.Njira yowerengera mozama ndikuti kuchuluka kwa ma anion ndi ma cation amagawika ndi 20, ndipo mtengo wake ukakhala wapamwamba, ndikukwera kwa rhizosphere EC.Yoyenera rhizosphere EC ipereka ndende ya ayoni yoyenera komanso yofananira pamizu.

Nthawi zambiri, mtengo wake ndi wotsika (rhizosphere EC<2.0mS/cm).Chifukwa cha kutupa kwa maselo a mizu, zidzachititsa kuti madzi ayambe kuyamwa ndi mizu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale madzi aulere muzomera, ndipo madzi owonjezera aulere adzagwiritsidwa ntchito polavulira masamba, kukula kwa cell-chomera;Mtengo wake uli pamtunda (dzinja rhizosphere EC>8~10mS/cm, rhizosphere yachilimwe EC>5~7mS/cm).Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa rhizosphere EC, mphamvu ya mayamwidwe a mizu ndi yosakwanira, zomwe zimabweretsa kupsinjika kwa kusowa kwa madzi kwa zomera, ndipo muzovuta kwambiri, zomera zidzafota (Chithunzi 1).Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mpikisano pakati pa masamba ndi zipatso za madzi udzachititsa kuchepa kwa madzi a zipatso, zomwe zidzakhudza zokolola ndi khalidwe la zipatso.Pamene rhizosphere EC imachulukitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi 0 ~ 2mS / masentimita, imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakuwonjezeka kwa shuga wosungunuka / sungunuka wokhazikika wa zipatso, kusintha kwa kukula kwa zomera ndi kukula kwa ubereki, kotero alimi a phwetekere a chitumbuwa amene kutsatira khalidwe nthawi zambiri kutengera apamwamba rhizosphere EC.Anapezeka kuti sungunuka shuga wa kumtengowo nkhaka anali kwambiri apamwamba kuposa ulamuliro pansi pa chikhalidwe cha brackish madzi ulimi wothirira (3g/L kudzipanga anapanga brackish madzi ndi chiŵerengero cha NaCl:MgSO4: CaSO4 wa 2:2:1) adawonjezeredwa ku yankho lazopatsa thanzi).Maonekedwe a phwetekere wa cherry 'Honey' ndikuti amakhala ndi rhizosphere EC (8 ~ 10mS/cm) nthawi yonse yokolola, ndipo chipatsocho chimakhala ndi shuga wambiri, koma zipatso zomaliza zimakhala zochepa (5kg / m2).

Rhizosphere pH (unitless) makamaka imatanthawuza pH ya rhizosphere yankho, yomwe imakhudza kwambiri mpweya ndi kusungunuka kwa ayoni iliyonse m'madzi, ndiyeno zimakhudza mphamvu ya ayoni iliyonse yomwe imatengedwa ndi mizu.Kwa ma ion ma element ambiri, pH yake yoyenera ndi 5.5 ~ 6.5, yomwe imatha kuwonetsetsa kuti ayoni iliyonse imatha kuyamwa ndi mizu bwino.Chifukwa chake, pakubzala phwetekere, rhizosphere pH iyenera kusungidwa pa 5.5 ~ 6.5.Gulu 1 likuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa rhizosphere EC ndi pH kuwongolera mu magawo osiyanasiyana a kukula kwa tomato wa zipatso zazikulu.Kwa tomato wa zipatso zazing'ono, monga tomato wa chitumbuwa, rhizosphere EC mu magawo osiyanasiyana ndi 0 ~ 1mS / masentimita apamwamba kuposa tomato wamkulu-zipatso, koma zonse zimasinthidwa molingana ndi momwe zimakhalira.

Zifukwa zosadziwika bwino komanso zosintha za tomato rhizosphere EC

Rhizosphere EC imatanthawuza EC ya michere yothetsera mizu kuzungulira mizu.Tomato rock wool akabzalidwa ku Holland, alimi amagwiritsa ntchito ma syringe kuyamwa michere kuchokera ku rock wool, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zoyimira.Nthawi zonse, kubwerera kwa EC kuli pafupi ndi rhizosphere EC, kotero chitsanzo chobwerera EC chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati rhizosphere EC ku China.Kusiyanasiyana kwa rhizosphere EC nthawi zambiri kumatuluka dzuwa likatuluka, kumayamba kuchepa ndikukhalabe okhazikika pachimake cha ulimi wothirira, ndipo kumakwera pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pothirira, monga momwe chithunzi 2 chikusonyezera.

Zifukwa zazikulu zobwerera ku EC ndizotsika zobwerera, EC yolowera kwambiri komanso kuthirira mochedwa.Kuchuluka kwa ulimi wothirira tsiku lomwelo ndi kochepa, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti madzi obwereranso ndi otsika.Cholinga cha madzi kubwerera ndi kutsuka kwathunthu gawo lapansi, kuonetsetsa kuti rhizosphere EC, gawo lapansi madzi okhutira ndi rhizosphere ion ndende ali osiyanasiyana, ndi madzi mlingo kubwerera ndi otsika, ndi mizu zimatenga madzi ambiri kuposa elemental ions, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa EC.Kulowera kwapamwamba kwa EC kumabweretsa mwachindunji kubwerera kwa EC.Malinga ndi lamulo la chala chachikulu, kubwerera kwa EC ndi 0.5 ~ 1.5ms / cm kuposa EC yolowera.Kuthirira komaliza kunatha kale tsiku lomwelo, ndipo mphamvu ya kuwala inali yokwera (300 ~ 450W / m2) pambuyo pa ulimi wothirira.Chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa zomera zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi ma radiation, mizu inapitirizabe kuyamwa madzi, madzi omwe ali mu gawo lapansi amachepa, ndende ya ion imakula, ndiyeno rhizosphere EC inakula.Pamene rhizosphere EC ndi yokwera, mphamvu ya poizoni ndi yochuluka, ndipo chinyezi chimakhala chochepa, zomera zimakumana ndi kupsinjika kwa kusowa kwa madzi, zomwe zimawonekera kwambiri ngati kufota (Chithunzi 1, kumanja).

The otsika EC mu rhizosphere makamaka chifukwa cha mkulu madzi kubwerera mlingo, mochedwa anamaliza ulimi wothirira, ndi otsika EC mu madzi polowera madzi, amene amakulitsa vutoli.Kuchuluka kwamadzi obwereranso kudzatsogolera kuyandikira kosatha pakati pa cholowera EC ndi EC yobwerera.Kuthirira kukatha mochedwa, makamaka m'masiku a mitambo, kuphatikizira ndi kuwala kochepa komanso chinyezi chambiri, kutuluka kwa zomera kumakhala kofooka, mayamwidwe a ma elemention ion ndi apamwamba kuposa amadzi, ndipo kuchepa kwamadzi am'madzi kumakhala kotsika kuposa komweko. ya ion ndende mu yankho, zomwe zidzatsogolera kutsika kwa EC yamadzimadzi obwerera.Chifukwa chotupa cha ma cell a tsitsi lazomera ndi chocheperako kuposa momwe madzi amatha kukhalira ndi michere ya rhizosphere, mizu imamwa madzi ochulukirapo ndipo madziwo amakhala osakwanira.Kutuluka kukakhala kofooka, mbewuyo imatulutsidwa ngati madzi olavulira (chithunzi 1, kumanzere), ndipo ngati kutentha kuli kwakukulu usiku, mbewuyo imakula pachabe.

Njira zosinthira pamene rhizosphere EC ndi yachilendo: ① Pamene EC yobwerera ili pamwamba, EC yobwerayo iyenera kukhala mkati mwazokwanira.Nthawi zambiri, EC ikubwera ya tomato wamkulu wa zipatso ndi 2.5 ~ 3.5mS/cm m'chilimwe ndi 3.5 ~ 4.0mS/cm m'nyengo yozizira.Kachiwiri, onjezerani kuchuluka kwa madzi obwereranso, omwe amayenera kuthiriridwa pafupipafupi masana, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mthirira umabweranso nthawi iliyonse.Mlingo wobwereranso wamadzimadzi umagwirizana bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa ma radiation.M'chilimwe, mphamvu ya ma radiation ikadali yopitilira 450 W/m2 ndipo nthawiyo ikupitilira mphindi 30, kuthirira pang'ono (50 ~ 100mL / dripper) kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa pamanja kamodzi, ndipo ndibwino kuti asabwerenso madzi. zimachitika kwenikweni.② Mlingo wobwereranso wamadzi ukatsika, zifukwa zazikulu ndi kuchuluka kwamadzi obwerera, otsika EC komanso kuthirira komaliza.Poganizira nthawi yothirira yomaliza, kuthirira komaliza kumathera 2 ~ 5h dzuwa lisanalowe, kutha masiku a mitambo ndi nyengo yozizira nthawi isanakwane, ndikuchedwa kwa masiku adzuwa ndi chilimwe.Yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa madzi obwerera, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ma radiation akunja.Nthawi zambiri, kubweza kwamadzimadzi kumakhala kosakwana 10% pomwe kuchulukira kwa ma radiation kumakhala kosakwana 500J / (cm2.d), ndi 10% ~ 20% pomwe ma radiation ndi 500 ~ 1000J / (cm2.d), ndi zina zotero. .

Zomwe zimayambitsa ndi kusintha kwa phwetekere rhizosphere pH

Nthawi zambiri, pH ya wokhudzidwa ndi 5.5 ndipo pH ya leachate ndi 5.5 ~ 6.5 pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino.Zomwe zimakhudza rhizosphere pH ndi formula, sing'anga ya chikhalidwe, kuchuluka kwa leachate, mtundu wamadzi ndi zina zotero.Pamene rhizosphere pH ili yochepa, idzawotcha mizu ndikusungunula matrix a ubweya wa miyala mozama, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3. Pamene rhizosphere pH ili pamwamba, kuyamwa kwa Mn2 +, Fe 3+, Mg2 + ndi PO4 3- kudzachepetsedwa. , zomwe zipangitsa kuti pakhale kuperewera kwa zinthu, monga kusowa kwa manganese chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa rhizosphere pH, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 4.

Pankhani ya khalidwe la madzi, madzi amvula ndi RO membala kusefa madzi ndi acidic, ndipo pH cha mowa wa mayi nthawi zambiri 3 ~ 4, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kutsika pH ya mowa wolowera.Potaziyamu hydroxide ndi potaziyamu bicarbonate nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha pH ya mowa wolowera.Madzi abwino ndi pansi nthawi zambiri amayendetsedwa ndi asidi wa nitric ndi phosphoric acid chifukwa ali ndi HCO3-yomwe imakhala yamchere.Kulowetsa kwachilendo pH kumakhudza mwachindunji pH yobwerera, chifukwa chake pH yoyenera ndiye maziko a malamulo.Ponena za kulima gawo lapansi, mutabzala, pH yamadzi obwerera a coconut bran gawo lapansi ili pafupi ndi madzi omwe akubwera, ndipo pH yamadzimadzi yomwe ikubwera sipangitsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa rhizosphere pH kwakanthawi kochepa chifukwa cha Kusungidwa kwabwino kwa gawo lapansi.Pansi pa kulima ubweya wa miyala, mtengo wa pH wa madzi obwerera pambuyo pa koloni ndi wokwera ndipo umakhala kwa nthawi yayitali.

Pankhani ya chilinganizo, molingana ndi mayamwidwe osiyanasiyana a ayoni ndi zomera, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu amchere amchere ndi amchere amchere amchere.Kutengera NO3- mwachitsanzo, pamene zomera zimatenga 1mol ya NO3-, mizu idzatulutsa 1mol ya OH-, zomwe zidzatsogolera kuwonjezeka kwa rhizosphere pH, pamene mizu ikatenga NH4 +, idzatulutsa ndende yofanana ya H +, zomwe zingayambitse kuchepa kwa rhizosphere pH.Choncho, nitrate ndi mchere wofunika kwambiri pa thupi, pamene ammonium mchere ndi mchere wa physiologically acidic.Nthawi zambiri, potaziyamu sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate ndi ammonium sulfate ndi feteleza wachilengedwe wa asidi, potaziyamu nitrate ndi calcium nitrate ndi mchere wamchere wamchere, ndipo ammonium nitrate ndi mchere wosalowerera.Mphamvu ya kubweza kwamadzimadzi pa pH ya rhizosphere imawonekera makamaka pakusungunuka kwa michere ya rhizosphere, ndipo rhizosphere pH imayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ayoni mu rhizosphere.

Njira zosinthira pamene pH ya rhizosphere ili yachilendo: ① Choyamba, fufuzani ngati pH ya kukhudzidwa ili pamlingo woyenerera;(2) Pogwiritsira ntchito madzi omwe ali ndi carbonate yambiri, monga madzi amadzi, wolembayo adapezapo kuti pH ya chiwopsezocho inali yachilendo, koma kuthirira kutatha tsiku lomwelo, pH ya wokhudzidwayo inafufuzidwa ndipo inapezeka kuti ikuwonjezeka.Pambuyo pofufuza, chifukwa chotheka chinali chakuti pH idawonjezeka chifukwa cha buffer ya HCO3-, choncho tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito nitric acid monga chowongolera pamene mukugwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino monga madzi amchere;(3) Ubweya wa mwala ukagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kubzala gawo lapansi, pH ya njira yobwezera imakhala yayikulu kwa nthawi yayitali kumayambiriro kwa kubzala.Pachifukwa ichi, pH ya yankho lomwe likubwera liyenera kuchepetsedwa kukhala 5.2 ~ 5.5, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, mlingo wa mchere wa asidi uyenera kuwonjezeka, ndipo calcium ammonium nitrate iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa calcium nitrate ndi potaziyamu sulfate. m'malo mwa potassium nitrate.Zindikirani kuti mlingo wa NH4+ suyenera kupitirira 1/10 ya N yonse mu formula.Mwachitsanzo, pamene chiwerengero cha N (NO3- + NH4 +) chokhudzidwa ndi 20mmol / L, NH4 + ndende ndi yocheperapo 2mmol / L, ndipo potaziyamu sulfate ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwa potassium nitrate, koma ziyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti kuchuluka kwa SO4^2-mu ulimi wothirira sikulimbikitsidwa kupitirira 6-8 mmol / L;(4) Pankhani ya kubwezeredwa kwamadzimadzi, kuchuluka kwa ulimi wothirira kuyenera kuonjezedwa nthawi iliyonse ndipo gawo lapansi liyenera kutsukidwa, makamaka ngati ubweya wa miyala umagwiritsidwa ntchito kubzala, kotero kuti pH ya rhizosphere singasinthidwe mwachangu pakanthawi kochepa pogwiritsa ntchito thupi. mchere wa asidi, kotero kuti ulimi wothirira uwonjezeke kuti musinthe pH ya rhizosphere kukhala yokwanira posachedwa.

Chidule

Mtundu wokwanira wa rhizosphere EC ndi pH ndiye maziko owonetsetsa kuyamwa kwamadzi ndi feteleza ndi mizu ya phwetekere.Makhalidwe olakwika adzatsogolera ku kusowa kwa michere ya zomera, kusalinganiza bwino kwa madzi (kusokonekera kwa madzi akusowa / madzi aulere ochuluka), kuyaka kwa mizu (high EC ndi pH yochepa) ndi mavuto ena.Chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwa matenda a zomera omwe amayamba chifukwa cha rhizosphere EC ndi pH, vutoli likangochitika, zikutanthauza kuti rhizosphere EC ndi pH yakhala ikuchitika kwa masiku ambiri, ndipo ndondomeko yobwerera mwakale idzatenga nthawi, yomwe imakhudza mwachindunji zotsatira ndi khalidwe.Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kudziwa EC ndi pH yamadzi omwe akubwera ndikubweza tsiku lililonse.

TSIRIZA

[Zidziwitso zomwe zatchulidwa] Chen Tongqiang, Xu Fengjiao, Ma Tiemin, etc. Rhizosphere EC ndi njira yolamulira pH ya chikhalidwe chopanda dothi cha phwetekere mu wowonjezera kutentha kwa galasi [J].Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(31):17-20.