Wolemba: Changji Zhou, Hongbo Li, etc.

Gwero la Nkhani: Ukadaulo wa Ulimi wa Greenhouse Horticulture

Apa ndiye malo oyesera a Haidian District Agricultural Science Institute, komanso Haidian Agricultural High-tech Exhibition and Science Park. Mu 2017, wolembayo adatsogolera kuyambitsidwa kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yapulasitiki yokhala ndi zotenthetsera zambiri kuchokera ku South Korea. Pakadali pano, Director Zheng wasintha kukhala nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yopanga sitiroberi yophatikiza kuwonetsa ukadaulo, kuwona malo ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu, zosangalatsa ndi zosangalatsa. Imatchedwa "5G Cloud Strawberry", ndipo ndikupita nanu kuti mukayiwonere limodzi.

Kubzala Sitroberi Greenhouse ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Ake

Shelufu ya sitiroberi yonyamulidwa ndi njira yopachikira

Malo olima ndi njira yolima

Malo olima amaika madzi ndi ngalande pansi pa malo olima, ndipo m'mphepete mwake mumakwezedwa kunja pakati pa pansi pa malo olima mbali yayitali (kuchokera mkati mwa malo olima, mpata wapansi umapangidwa pansi). Madzi akuluakulu opita kumalo olima amaikidwa mwachindunji mumpata wapansi uwu, ndipo madzi otuluka kuchokera kumalo olima amasonkhanitsidwanso mumpata uwu mofanana, ndipo pamapeto pake amatulutsidwa kuchokera kumapeto kwa malo olima.

Ubwino wobzala sitiroberi ndi mphika wolima ndi wakuti pansi pa mphika wolima pali malo olekanitsidwa ndi pansi pa malo olima, ndipo madzi amchere sadzapangidwa pansi pa gawo lapansi, ndipo mpweya wabwino wa gawo lapansi umawonjezeka; Udzafalikira ndi madzi othirira; chachitatu, sipadzakhala kutuluka madzi pamene gawo lapansi laikidwa mu mphika wolima, ndipo shelufu yolima imakhala yoyera komanso yokongola yonse. Vuto la njira imeneyi makamaka ndilakuti kuthirira ndi madzi ndi kubzala mphika wolima kumawonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito yomanga zida.

Kukula mipata ndi miphika

Kulima chikombole chopachika ndi kukweza dongosolo

Njira yopachikira ndi kukweza shelufu yolima ndi yofanana ndi ya shelufu yolima sitiroberi yachikhalidwe. Chingwe chopachikira cha malo olima chimazungulira malo olima, ndipo chimalumikiza chingwe chopachikira ndi gudumu lobwerera mmbuyo ndi sikulufu yosinthika ya maluwa (yogwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kutalika kwa malo omangira). Pa chord chapansi, mbali inayo imakulungidwa pa gudumu lolumikizidwa ku shaft yoyendetsa ya chochepetsera mota.

Kulima dongosolo lopachika alumali

Pogwiritsa ntchito makina onse opachikira zinthu, kuti akwaniritse zosowa za mawonekedwe apadera a malo olimapo komanso zosowa za malo owonetsera malo, zinthu zina zapadera ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zina zapangidwa mwaluso pano.

(1) Chopachikira shelufu yolima. Chopachikira cha shelufu yolima choyamba ndi chopachikira chozungulira, chomwe chimapangidwa popinda ndi kuwotcherera waya wachitsulo. Gawo lopingasa la gawo lililonse la chopachikira ndi lofanana, ndipo mawonekedwe a makina ndi ofanana; Gawo la pansi pa chopachikiracho limagwiritsanso ntchito kupindika kozungulira kofanana; chachitatu ndikupindika pakati pa chopachikiracho kukhala ngodya yolunjika, ndipo chopachikira chapamwamba chimalumikizidwa mwachindunji pamalo opindika, zomwe sizimangotsimikizira kuti pakati pa mphamvu yokoka ya chopachikiracho pali malo okhazikika, komanso sizimachitika kusintha kwa mbali, komanso zimawonetsetsa kuti chopachikiracho chimalumikizidwa modalirika ndipo sichidzaterereka ndikusunthika.

Chikwama cha alumali cholima

(2) Chingwe chopachika chitetezo. Potengera njira yachikhalidwe yopachika, seti yowonjezera ya njira yopachika chitetezo imayikidwa mamita 6 aliwonse kutalika kwa malo olima. Zofunikira pa njira yowonjezera yopachika chitetezo, choyamba, kuti igwire ntchito limodzi ndi njira yopachika yoyendetsera; chachiwiri, kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira zonyamula. Kuti tikwaniritse zofunikira zomwe zili pamwambapa, seti ya njira yopachika chipangizo chopachika masika imapangidwa ndikusankhidwa kuti ibwezeretse chingwe chopachika cha malo olima. Chopukutira masika chimakonzedwa motsatizana ndi chingwe chopachika choyendetsa, ndipo chimapachikika ndikukhazikika pa chord chapansi pa greenhouse truss.

Dongosolo Lowonjezera la Chitetezo Choyimitsa

Zipangizo zothandizira zopangira choyikapo cha ulimi

(1) Dongosolo la makadi a zomera. Dongosolo la makadi a zomera lomwe latchulidwa pano limapangidwa makamaka ndi magawo awiri: chivundikiro cha makadi a zomera ndi chingwe chasiliva chamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo, chivundikiro cha makadi a zomera ndi gulu lopangidwa ndi khadi lopindika pang'ono komanso lonse lokhala ndi mawonekedwe a U ndi khadi lokhala ndi malire awiri. Pansi ndi pansi pa theka la khadi lopindika lokhala ndi mawonekedwe a U limafanana ndi miyeso yakunja ya malo olima, ndipo limazungulira malo olima kuchokera pansi; nthambi zake ziwiri zitadutsa malo otseguka a malo olima, pangani kupindika kuti mulumikize ndodo ziwiri zolipirira, komanso limagwira ntchito yoletsa kusinthika kwa kutseguka kwa malo olima; ndi kupindika kakang'ono kokhala ndi mawonekedwe a U komwe kumakhala kozungulira mmwamba, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza chingwe cholekanitsa masamba a zipatso cha sitiroberi; gawo lapamwamba la khadi lokhala ndi mawonekedwe a U ndi kupindika kokhala ndi mawonekedwe a W kokonza nthambi za sitiroberi ndi chingwe chopesa masamba. Khadi lopindika lokhala ndi mawonekedwe a U ndi ndodo yolipirira kawiri zonse zimapangidwa ndi kupindika waya wachitsulo wopangidwa ndi galvanized.

Chingwe cholekanitsa masamba a zipatso chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa nthambi ndi masamba a sitiroberi mkati mwa m'lifupi mwa malo otseguka a malo olimiramo, ndikuyika chipatso cha sitiroberi kunja kwa malo olimiramo, zomwe sizimangothandiza kukolola zipatso zokha, komanso zimateteza sitiroberi ku kupopera mwachindunji mankhwala amadzimadzi, ndipo zimatha kukongoletsa bwino kubzala sitiroberi.

Dongosolo loyika makadi pa zomera

(2) choyimitsa chachikasu chosuntha. Choyimitsa chachikasu chosunthika chapangidwa mwapadera, ndiko kuti, ndodo yoyimirira yopachika matabwa achikasu ndi abuluu imalumikizidwa pa tripod, yomwe ikhoza kuyikidwa mwachindunji pansi pa greenhouse ndipo ikhoza kusunthidwa nthawi iliyonse.

(3) Galimoto yodzitetezera ku zomera. Galimoto iyi ikhoza kukhala ndi chopopera choteteza zomera, kutanthauza chopopera chodziyendetsa chokha, chomwe chingathe kuchita ntchito zoteteza zomera popanda ogwira ntchito m'nyumba motsatira njira yokonzedweratu ndi kompyuta, yomwe ingateteze thanzi la ogwira ntchito zokongoletsa zomera.

zida zodzitetezera ku zomera

Dongosolo Lopereka Zakudya ndi Kuthirira

Njira yoperekera michere ndi kuthirira ya pulojekitiyi yagawidwa m'magawo atatu: gawo loyamba ndi lokonzekera madzi oyera; lachiwiri ndi njira yothirira ndi kuthirira sitiroberi; lachitatu ndi njira yobwezeretsanso madzi kuti alimidwe sitiroberi. Zipangizo zokonzekera madzi oyera ndi njira yothirira zimatchedwa mutu wothirira, ndipo zida zoperekera ndi kubwezera madzi ku mbewu zimatchedwa zida zothirira.

Dongosolo Lopereka Zakudya ndi Kuthirira

Kutsogolo kwa malo othirira

Zipangizo zokonzera madzi oyera nthawi zambiri ziyenera kukhala ndi zosefera mchenga ndi miyala kuti zichotse mchenga, ndi zida zofewetsera madzi kuti zichotse mchere. Madzi oyera osefedwa ndi ofewa amasungidwa mu thanki yosungiramo zinthu kuti agwiritse ntchito mtsogolo.

Zipangizo zokonzera njira yothetsera michere nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi matanki atatu opangira feteleza a A ndi B, ndi thanki ya asidi yosinthira pH, ndi gulu la osakaniza feteleza. Pakagwiritsidwa ntchito, yankho la stock m'matanki A, B ndi thanki ya asidi limakonzedwa ndikusakanizidwa molingana ndi makina opangira feteleza molingana ndi njira yokhazikitsira kuti apange yankho la organic michere, ndipo yankho la organic michere lokonzedwa ndi makina opangira feteleza limasungidwa mu thanki yosungiramo stock solution kuti liyimirire.

Zipangizo zokonzekera njira yothetsera zakudya

Kupereka madzi ndi njira yobwezera pobzala sitiroberi

Njira yoperekera madzi ndi njira yobwezera pobzala sitiroberi imagwiritsa ntchito njira yoperekera madzi pakati ndikubwezeretsa kumapeto kwa malo olima. Popeza malo olima amagwiritsa ntchito njira yokweza ndi kupachika, mitundu iwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mapaipi operekera madzi ndi obwezera a malo olima: imodzi ndi chitoliro cholimba chokhazikika; inayo ndi chitoliro chosinthasintha chomwe chimayenda mmwamba ndi pansi ndi malo olima. Pa nthawi yothirira ndi kuthirira, madzi ochokera mu thanki yamadzi yoyera ndi thanki yosungiramo madzi osaphika amatumizidwa ku makina ophatikizana amadzi ndi feteleza kuti asakanizidwe malinga ndi chiŵerengero chokhazikitsidwa (njira yosavuta ingagwiritse ntchito chogwiritsira ntchito feteleza chofanana, monga Venturi, ndi zina zotero, chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mphamvu kapena osayendetsedwa) kenako chimatumizidwa pamwamba pa malo olima kudzera mu chitoliro chachikulu cha madzi (chitoliro chachikulu cha madzi chimayikidwa pa greenhouse truss motsatira kutalika kwa greenhouse), ndipo payipi ya rabara yosinthasintha imatsogolera madzi othirira kuchokera ku chitoliro chachikulu cha madzi mpaka kumapeto kwa rack iliyonse yolima, kenako imalumikizidwa ku chitoliro cha nthambi ya madzi chomwe chili mu malo olima. Mapaipi a nthambi yoperekera madzi omwe ali m'malo olima amakonzedwa motsatira kutalika kwa malo olima, ndipo panjira, mapaipi olowetsa madzi amalumikizidwa malinga ndi malo omangira mphika wolima, ndipo zakudya zimatsitsidwa mkati mwa mphika wolima kudzera m'mapaipi olowetsa madzi. Yankho lowonjezera la michere lomwe limatuluka kuchokera pansi limatsitsidwa mu malo olima kudzera m'bowo la drainage pansi pa mphika wolima ndikusonkhanitsidwa mu ngalande yotulutsira madzi pansi pa malo olima. Sinthani kutalika kwa malo omangira kuti pakhale kuyenda kosalekeza kuchokera kumapeto kupita kwina. Pamalo otsetsereka, madzi obwezeretsa madzi osonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pansi pa malowo pamapeto pake amasonkhana kumapeto kwa malo olima. Mpata umayikidwa kumapeto kwa malo olima kuti ulumikize thanki yolumikizira ya madzi obwezeretsa, ndipo chitoliro chobwezera madzi chimalumikizidwa pansi pa thanki yosonkhanitsira, ndipo madzi obwezeretsa osonkhanitsidwa amasonkhanitsidwa ndikutulutsidwa mu thanki yobwezera madzi.

Kuthirira madzi ndi njira yobwezerera madzi

Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi obwezerera

Madzi obwezeretsa madzi obzala sitiroberi awa sagwiritsa ntchito njira yozungulira yozungulira ya njira yopangira sitiroberi, koma amasonkhanitsa madzi obwerera kuchokera pamalo obzala sitiroberi ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji pobzala ndiwo zamasamba zokongoletsera. Malo ofanana ndi kutalika kokhazikika monga momwe kulima sitiroberi kumayikidwa pamakoma anayi a nyumba yobiriwira, ndipo malo obzala amadzazidwa ndi gawo lobzala kuti alime ndiwo zamasamba zokongoletsera. Madzi obwezera sitiroberi amathiridwa mwachindunji ku ndiwo zamasamba zokongoletserazi, amagwiritsa ntchito madzi oyera mu thanki yosungiramo madzi kuti azithirira tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuphatikiza apo, mapaipi operekera madzi ndi obwezera a malo obzala amaphatikizidwa kukhala amodzi popanga mapaipi operekera madzi ndi obwezera. Njira yothirira madzi imatengedwa pamalo obzala. Panthawi yopereka madzi, valavu ya chitoliro choperekera madzi imatsegulidwa ndipo valavu ya chitoliro chobwezera imatsekedwa. Vavu ya chitoliro imatsekedwa ndipo valavu yotulutsira madzi imatsegulidwa. Njira yothirira iyi imasunga mapaipi a nthambi ya madzi othirira ndi mapaipi ang'onoang'ono m'malo obzala, imasunga ndalama, ndipo kwenikweni siikhudza kupanga ndiwo zamasamba zokongoletsera.

Kulima Ndiwo Zamasamba Zokongoletsera Pogwiritsa Ntchito Madzi Obwerera

Malo obiriwira ndi zinthu zothandizira

Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale inatumizidwa kuchokera ku South Korea mu 2017. Kutalika kwake ndi 47m, m'lifupi ndi 23m, ndi malo onse okwana 1081 m² . Kutalika kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi mamita 7, malo ozungulira ndi mamita 3, kutalika kwa makoma ndi mamita 4.5, ndipo kutalika kwa phiri ndi mamita 6.4, ndi malo okwana masipani atatu ndi malo okwana masipani 15. Pofuna kulimbitsa kutentha kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, malo osungira kutentha a 1m m'lifupi amayikidwa mozungulira nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndipo nsalu yotchinga kutentha yamkati yokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri imapangidwa. Panthawi yosintha kapangidwe ka nyumba, ma chords opingasa pamwamba pa mizati pakati pa masipani a nyumba yoyambirira yosungiramo zinthu zakale adasinthidwa ndi matabwa a truss.

Kapangidwe ka nyumba yotenthetsera kutentha

Kukonzanso kwa makina otetezera kutentha kwa nyumba yobiriwira kumasunga kapangidwe koyambirira ka makina otetezera kutentha kwa denga ndi khoma pogwiritsa ntchito makina otetezera kutentha awiri amkati. Komabe, patatha zaka 3 akugwira ntchito, ukonde woteteza kutentha woyambirira unakalamba pang'ono ndikuwonongeka. Pakukonzanso kwa nyumba yosungiramo kutentha, makatani onse otetezera kutentha adasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi malaya oteteza ku thonje a acrylic, omwe ndi opepuka komanso oteteza kutentha kwambiri, opangidwa m'nyumba. Kuchokera pa ntchito yeniyeniyo, malo olumikizirana amalumikizana pakati pa makatani otetezera kutentha kwa denga, malaya oteteza ku khoma ndi malaya oteteza ku denga amalumikizana, ndipo makina onse otetezera kutentha amatsekedwa bwino.

Dongosolo Lotetezera Kutentha kwa Nyumba

Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti kuwala kukufunikira kuti mbewu zikule bwino, makina owunikira owonjezera adawonjezedwa pakukonzanso nyumba yobiriwira. Kuwala kowonjezera kumagwiritsa ntchito makina owunikira a LED, kuwala kulikonse kwa LED kuli ndi mphamvu ya 50 W, konzani mizati iwiri pa sikelo iliyonse. Malo a magetsi a mzati uliwonse ndi 3m. Mphamvu yonse ya kuwala ndi 4.5 kW, yofanana ndi 4.61 W/m² pa gawo lililonse. Kuwala kwa kutalika kwa 1m kumatha kufika pa 2000 lx.

Panthawi yomweyi yoyika magetsi owonjezera a plannat, mzere wa magetsi a UVB umayikidwanso pa sikelo iliyonse ndi mtunda wa mamita awiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poyeretsa mpweya m'nyumba yobiriwira. Mphamvu ya kuwala kamodzi ka UVB ndi 40 W, ndipo mphamvu yonse yoyikidwa ndi 4.36 kW, yofanana ndi 4.47 W/m² pa gawo lililonse.

Dongosolo lotenthetsera mpweya wowonjezera kutentha limagwiritsa ntchito pampu yotentha yochokera ku gwero la mpweya yoyera bwino, yomwe imatumiza mpweya wotentha mu greenhouse kudzera mu chosinthira kutentha. Mphamvu yonse ya pampu yotentha yochokera ku gwero la mpweya mu greenhouse ndi 210kW, ndipo mayunitsi 38 a mafani osinthira kutentha amagawidwa mofanana mchipindamo. Kutaya kutentha kwa fani iliyonse ndi 5.5kw, zomwe zingatsimikizire kutentha kwa mpweya mu greenhouse pamwamba pa 5℃ pansi pa kutentha kwakunja kwa -15℃ patsiku lozizira kwambiri ku Beijing, motero kuonetsetsa kuti sitiroberi imapanga bwino mu greenhouse.

Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti kutentha kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi zili bwino m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu komanso kuti mpweya ukhale wofanana m'nyumbamo, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zo ...

Zipangizo zowongolera zachilengedwe zothandizira kutentha

Chidziwitso cha mawu:

Changji Zhou, Hongbo, Li, He Zheng, etc.Dr. Zhou anayang'ana malo onyamulira sitiroberi onyamulidwa okhala ngati Shiling (One Hundred and Twenty Six) komanso malo othandizira ndi zida [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology,2022,42(7):36-42.