Chidule

Pakadali pano, fakitale ya zomera yakwanitsa bwino kuswana mbande za ndiwo zamasamba monga nkhaka, tomato, tsabola, biringanya, ndi mavwende, kupatsa alimi mbande zabwino kwambiri m'magulu, ndipo kupanga bwino pambuyo pobzala kumakhala bwino. Mafakitale a zomera akhala njira yofunika kwambiri yoperekera mbande ku mafakitale a ndiwo zamasamba, ndipo akuchita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakulimbikitsa kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mafakitale a ndiwo zamasamba, kuonetsetsa kuti masamba akumatauni ndi kupanga masamba obiriwira.

Kapangidwe ka makina obereketsa mbande za fakitale ya zomera ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zaukadaulo

Popeza ndi njira yopangira ulimi yogwira mtima kwambiri pakadali pano, njira yoberekera mbewu za fakitale ya zomera imagwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zaukadaulo kuphatikizapo kuunikira kochita kupanga, kupereka michere, kuwongolera zachilengedwe m'mbali zitatu, ntchito zothandizira zokha, kasamalidwe kabwino ka kupanga, ndi zina zotero, komanso kuphatikiza biotechnology, ukadaulo wazidziwitso ndi luntha lochita kupanga. Kupambana kwanzeru ndi zina zamakono kumalimbikitsa chitukuko chopitilira cha makampaniwa. 

Dongosolo la kuwala kwa LED lopangira

Kupanga malo opangira kuwala ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zopangira mbewu m'mafakitale opanga zomera, ndipo ndi gwero lalikulu la mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbewu. Malo opangira kuwala m'mafakitale opanga zomera ali ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu, ndipo malo opangira kuwala amatha kuyendetsedwa kuchokera kumitundu yosiyanasiyana monga mtundu wa kuwala, mphamvu ya kuwala ndi nthawi yowunikira, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zowunikira zimatha kukonzedwa bwino ndikugwirizanitsidwa motsatizana kuti apange njira yowunikira yolima mbewu, kuonetsetsa kuti malo oyenera olima mbewu azitha kuwunikira. Chifukwa chake, kutengera mawonekedwe ofunikira a kuwala ndi zolinga zopangira kukula kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana, mwa kukonza magawo a njira yowunikira ndi njira yoperekera kuwala, gwero lapadera la kuwala kwa LED losunga mphamvu lapangidwa, lomwe lingathandize kwambiri kusintha mphamvu ya kuwala kwa mbewu, kulimbikitsa kusonkhanitsa kwa biomass ya mbewu, ndikukweza mtundu wa kupanga mbewu, pomwe kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi ndalama zopangira. Kuphatikiza apo, malamulo oyendetsera kuwala ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito pobzala mbewu ndikuchiritsa mbewu zomwe zabzalidwa.

Dongosolo lochotsera mbande zoyima zokhala ndi zigawo zambiri

Kubereketsa mbande mu fakitale ya zomera kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito shelufu yamitundu itatu yokhala ndi zigawo zambiri. Kudzera mu kapangidwe ka dongosolo lofanana, kusonkhanitsa mwachangu kwa dongosolo lokwezera mbande kumatha kuchitika. Mipata pakati pa mashelufu ikhoza kusinthidwa mosavuta kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira pakukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbande ndikuwonjezera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa malo ogwiritsira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kosiyana ka dongosolo la bedi la mbewu, makina owunikira, ndi makina othirira madzi ndi feteleza zimathandiza kuti bedi la mbewu likhale ndi ntchito yonyamula, yomwe ndi yosavuta kusamukira ku malo osiyanasiyana monga kubzala, kumera ndi kubereka, komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yogwira ntchito posamalira thireyi la mbande.

Dongosolo lochotsera mbande zoyima zokhala ndi zigawo zambiri 

Kuthirira madzi ndi feteleza kumagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa mafunde, mtundu wa kupopera ndi njira zina, kudzera mu kuwongolera bwino nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amaperekedwa, kuti akwaniritse kupereka kofanana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi ndi michere ya mchere. Kuphatikiza ndi njira yapadera yothetsera michere ya mbande, imatha kukwaniritsa zosowa za kukula ndi chitukuko cha mbande ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mbande zikukula mwachangu komanso bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kudzera mu njira yopezera michere ya pa intaneti komanso njira yoyeretsera michere, michere imatha kubwezeretsedwanso pakapita nthawi, ndikupewa kusonkhanitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwabwino kwa mbande. 

Njira Yowongolera Zachilengedwe

Kuwongolera zachilengedwe molondola komanso moyenera ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimachitika pamakina obereketsa mbewu za fakitale ya zomera. Kapangidwe kakunja kosamalira fakitale ya zomera nthawi zambiri kamasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosawoneka bwino komanso zoteteza kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, kulamulira kuwala, kutentha, chinyezi, liwiro la mphepo, ndi CO2 sikukhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chakunja. Kudzera mu kapangidwe ka chitsanzo cha CFD kuti chiwongolere kapangidwe ka mpweya, kuphatikiza njira yowongolera zachilengedwe zazing'ono, kufalikira kofanana kwa zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha, chinyezi, liwiro la mphepo, ndi CO2 m'malo okhala ndi anthu ambiri kumatha kuchitika. Kulamulira kwanzeru zachilengedwe kumachitika ndi masensa ogawidwa ndi kulamulira kolumikizana, ndipo kulamulira kwanthawi yeniyeni kwa chilengedwe chonse cholima kumachitika kudzera mu kulumikizana pakati pa gawo lowunikira ndi dongosolo lowongolera. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito magwero a kuwala ozizira ndi madzi ndi kayendedwe ka madzi, kuphatikiza ndi kuyambitsa magwero ozizira akunja, kumatha kuziziritsa mphamvu ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoziziritsira mpweya.

Zipangizo zothandizira zokha

Njira yoberekera mbande za fakitale ya zomera ndi yokhwima, kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi kwakukulu, malo ndi ochepa, ndipo zida zothandizira zokha ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zothandizira zokha sikungothandiza kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa antchito, komanso kumathandiza kukonza bwino malo olima. Zipangizo zodziyimira zokha zomwe zapangidwa mpaka pano zikuphatikizapo makina ophimba nthaka, chopalira, makina opalira, trolley yotumizira zinthu ya AGV, ndi zina zotero. Motsogozedwa ndi nsanja yothandizira yoyang'anira, ntchito yopanda munthu ya njira yonse yoberekera mbande imatha kuchitika. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wa makina umathandizanso kwambiri pakuberekera mbande. Sikuti umangothandiza kuyang'anira momwe mbande zikukulira, umathandiza pakuyang'anira mbande zamalonda, komanso umayesa mbande zofooka ndi mbande zakufa zokha. Dzanja la loboti limachotsa ndi kudzaza mbande.

Ubwino wa kuswana mbande za zomera m'fakitale

Kulamulira bwino zachilengedwe kumathandiza kupanga zinthu pachaka

Chifukwa cha kuswana kwa mbande, kuwongolera malo obzala mbewu ndikofunikira kwambiri. Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya fakitale ya zomera, zinthu zachilengedwe monga kuwala, kutentha, madzi, mpweya, feteleza ndi CO2 zimawongoleredwa kwambiri, zomwe zingapereke malo abwino kwambiri okulirapo kuti mbewu zibereke, mosasamala kanthu za nyengo ndi madera. Kuphatikiza apo, pakuswana kwa mbande zodulidwa ndi kudula mbande, njira yoswana mabala ndi kusiyanitsa mizu imafuna kuwongolera kwambiri chilengedwe, ndipo mafakitale a zomera nawonso ndi onyamula abwino kwambiri. Kusinthasintha kwa mikhalidwe ya chilengedwe ya fakitale ya zomera yokha ndi kwamphamvu, kotero ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mbande zamasamba m'nyengo zosaswana kapena m'malo ovuta kwambiri, ndipo kungapereke chithandizo cha mbande kuti zitsimikizire kupezeka kwa ndiwo zamasamba kosatha. Kuphatikiza apo, kuswana kwa mbande za mafakitale a zomera sikungokhala ndi malo okha, ndipo kumatha kuchitika pamalopo m'madera ozungulira mizinda ndi malo opezeka anthu ambiri. Mafotokozedwe ake ndi osinthika komanso osinthika, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga zambiri komanso kupereka mbande zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimapereka chithandizo chofunikira pakukula kwa ulimi wamaluwa m'mizinda. 

Yesetsani kuchepetsa nthawi yoberekera ndikuwongolera ubwino wa mbande

Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya fakitale ya zomera, chifukwa cha kuwongolera molondola zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakula, nthawi yoberekera mbande imafupikitsidwa ndi 30% mpaka 50% poyerekeza ndi njira zachikhalidwe. Kufupikitsa nthawi yoberekera mbande kumatha kuwonjezera gulu la mbewu zopanga, kuwonjezera ndalama za wopanga, ndikuchepetsa zoopsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa msika. Kwa alimi, zimathandiza kubzala ndi kubzala msanga, kuyambitsa msika koyambirira, komanso kukweza mpikisano pamsika. Kumbali ina, mbande zomwe zimabzalidwa mufakitale ya zomera zimakhala zoyera komanso zolimba, zizindikiro za mawonekedwe ndi khalidwe zimawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo magwiridwe antchito opanga atatha kubzala m'malo obiriwira amakhala abwino kwambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mbande za phwetekere, tsabola ndi nkhaka zomwe zimabzalidwa pansi pa mikhalidwe ya fakitale ya zomera sizimangowonjezera malo a masamba, kutalika kwa chomera, m'mimba mwake wa tsinde, mphamvu ya mizu ndi zizindikiro zina, komanso zimawonjezera kusinthasintha, kukana matenda, kusiyana kwa maluwa pambuyo pa kubzala m'malo obiriwira. Ndipo kupanga ndi zinthu zina kuli ndi ubwino woonekeratu. Chiwerengero cha maluwa achikazi pa chomera chilichonse chinawonjezeka ndi 33.8% ndipo chiwerengero cha zipatso pa chomera chilichonse chinawonjezeka ndi 37.3% mutabzala mbande za nkhaka zomwe zimabzalidwa m'mafakitale a zomera. Ndi kuzama kosalekeza kwa kafukufuku wa chiphunzitso pa zamoyo za malo okulirapo mbewu, mafakitale a zomera adzakhala olondola komanso osavuta kulamulira pakupanga mawonekedwe a mbewu ndikukweza ntchito za thupi.

 Kuyerekeza momwe mbewu zobzalidwa m'ma greenhouse ndi mafakitale a zomera zimakhalira

Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu kuti muchepetse ndalama zolipirira kubzala mbande

Fakitale ya zomera imagwiritsa ntchito njira zobzalira zokhazikika, zodziwitsidwa bwino komanso zotsogola, kotero kuti kulumikizana kulikonse kwa kupanga mbande kumayang'aniridwa mosamala, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa zinthu kumawongoleredwa kwambiri. Mbewu ndiye ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakubereketsa mbande. Chifukwa cha kusagwira ntchito bwino komanso kusayang'anira bwino chilengedwe cha mbande zachikhalidwe, pali mavuto monga kusamera kapena kukula kofooka kwa mbewu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zinyalala zambiri kuyambira mbewu kupita ku mbande zamalonda. Mu malo opangira zomera, kudzera mu kukonza mbewu, kubzala bwino komanso kuwongolera bwino malo olima, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mbewu kumawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo mlingo ukhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi oposa 30%. Madzi, feteleza ndi zinthu zina ndizonso ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakubzala mbande zachikhalidwe, ndipo vuto la kutayika kwa zinthu ndi lalikulu. Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya mafakitale opangira zomera, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wothirira molondola, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi ndi feteleza kumatha kuwonjezeka ndi oposa 70%. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka fakitale yokhayo komanso kufanana kwa kuwongolera zachilengedwe, mphamvu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa CO2 pakufalitsa mbande kumawongoleredwanso kwambiri.

Poyerekeza ndi kubzala mbande zachikhalidwe komanso kubzala mbande za m'nyumba zobiriwira, chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimabala mbande m'mafakitale a zomera ndichakuti chingathe kuchitika m'njira yamitundu itatu yokhala ndi zigawo zambiri. Mu fakitale ya zomera, kubzala mbande kumatha kukulitsidwa kuchokera pamlingo kupita pamalo oimirira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kubereke mbande kukhale bwino pa gawo lililonse la nthaka komanso kumathandizira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malo. Mwachitsanzo, gawo lokhazikika la kubzala mbande lomwe limapangidwa ndi kampani ya zamoyo, potengera kuphimba dera la 4.68 ㎡, limatha kubereka mbande zoposa 10,000 m'gulu limodzi, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zosowa za masamba 3.3 Mu (2201.1 ㎡). Pokhala ndi kubereketsa kwamitundu itatu kokhala ndi zigawo zambiri, kuthandizira zida zothandizira zokha komanso njira yonyamulira zinthu mwanzeru kungathandize kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito ndikusunga antchito ndi zoposa 50%.

Kubereketsa mbande zolimba kuti zithandize kupanga mbewu zobiriwira

Malo oyera opangira zomera m'fakitale yopangira zomera amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kupezeka kwa tizilombo ndi matenda m'malo obereketsera. Nthawi yomweyo, kudzera mu kapangidwe kabwino ka malo obereketsera, mbande zomwe zapangidwa zidzakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo panthawi yobereketsa ndi kubzala mbande. Kuphatikiza apo, pakubereketsa mbande zapadera monga mbande zolumikizidwa ndi mbande zodula, njira zowongolera zobiriwira monga kuwala, kutentha, madzi ndi feteleza m'fakitale yopangira zomera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni ambiri m'ntchito zachikhalidwe kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha chakudya, kuchepetsa kuipitsa chilengedwe, komanso kukwaniritsa mbande zobiriwira Kupanga kokhazikika.

Kusanthula mtengo wa kupanga 

Njira zomwe mafakitale a zomera angawonjezere phindu la zachuma la mbande zimaphatikizapo magawo awiri. Kumbali imodzi, mwa kukonza kapangidwe kake, magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zanzeru, zitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu, magetsi ndi ntchito pobereka mbande, ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, feteleza, kutentha, ndi mphamvu. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mpweya ndi CO2 kumachepetsa mtengo wobereketsa mbande; kumbali ina, kudzera mu kuwongolera bwino chilengedwe ndi kukonza kayendedwe ka njira, nthawi yobereketsa mbande imachepetsedwa, ndipo zokolola za pachaka za mbande ndi mbande zimawonjezeka, zomwe zimakhala zopikisana kwambiri pamsika. 

Ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa mafakitale a zomera komanso kuzama kosalekeza kwa kafukufuku wa zamoyo zachilengedwe pa kulima mbande, mtengo wobereketsa mbande m'mafakitale a zomera ndi wofanana ndi wa kulima kwachikhalidwe kwa greenhouse, ndipo mtengo wa mbande ndi wamsika ndi wapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, potengera mbande za nkhaka, zipangizo zopangira zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 37% ya mtengo wonse, kuphatikiza mbewu, njira yothira michere, ma plug trays, substrates, ndi zina zotero. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi kumawononga pafupifupi 24% ya mtengo wonse, kuphatikiza kuyatsa kwa zomera, mpweya woziziritsa ndi njira yothira michere, ndi zina zotero, zomwe ndi njira yayikulu yokonzera mtsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kochepa kwa ogwira ntchito ndi gawo la kupanga mafakitale a zomera. Ndi kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa zochita zokha, mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito antchito udzachepetsedwa kwambiri. M'tsogolomu, phindu la zachuma la kubereketsa mbande m'mafakitale a zomera likhoza kupititsidwa patsogolo kudzera mukukula kwa mbewu zamtengo wapatali komanso chitukuko cha ukadaulo wolima mbande za mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya m'nkhalango.

Mtengo wa mbande za nkhaka /%

Mkhalidwe wa Kukula kwa Mafakitale

M'zaka zaposachedwa, mabungwe ofufuza asayansi omwe akuimiridwa ndi Urban Agriculture Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ndi mabizinesi apamwamba apeza ntchito yobereketsa mbande m'mafakitale a zomera. Imatha kupatsa mbande mzere wabwino wopanga mafakitale kuyambira mbewu mpaka kumera. Pakati pawo, fakitale ya zomera ku Shanxi yomwe idamangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2019 ili ndi malo okwana 3,500 ㎡ ndipo imatha kubereka mbande za tsabola 800,000 kapena mbande za phwetekere 550,000 mkati mwa masiku 30. Fakitale ina ya zomera zobereketsa mbande yomwe idamangidwa ili ndi malo okwana 2300 ㎡ ndipo imatha kupanga mbande 8-10 miliyoni pachaka. Chomera chochiritsira choyenda chopangidwa ndi Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences chingapereke malo ochiritsira ndi kubzala mbande zobzalidwa. Malo ogwirira ntchito amodzi amatha kusamalira mbande zopitilira 10,000 zobzalidwa nthawi imodzi. Mtsogolomu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu zoberekera m'mafakitale a zomera ikuyembekezeka kukulitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo mulingo wa makina odzipangira okha ndi nzeru upitilizabe kukula.

Chomera chochiritsira choyenda chogwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mbande zobzalidwa chomwe chinapangidwa ndi Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Chiyembekezo

Monga kampani yatsopano yonyamula mbewu za m'mafakitale, mafakitale a zomera ali ndi ubwino waukulu komanso kuthekera kogulitsa poyerekeza ndi njira zachikhalidwe zoberekera mbewu pankhani yowongolera zachilengedwe molondola, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu ndi ntchito zokhazikika. Mwa kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga mbewu, madzi, feteleza, mphamvu ndi anthu pakuberekera mbewu, ndikukweza zokolola ndi ubwino wa mbande pagawo lililonse, mtengo woberekera m'mafakitale a zomera udzachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo zinthuzo zidzakhala zopikisana kwambiri pamsika. Pali kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mbande ku China. Kuphatikiza pa kupanga mbewu zachikhalidwe monga ndiwo zamasamba, mbande zamtengo wapatali monga maluwa, mankhwala azitsamba aku China ndi mitengo yosowa zikuyembekezeka kuberekedwa m'mafakitale a zomera, ndipo phindu lazachuma lidzawonjezeka. Nthawi yomweyo, nsanja yoberekera mbande yamakampani iyenera kuganizira kuyanjana ndi kusinthasintha kwa kuberekera mbande zosiyanasiyana kuti ikwaniritse zosowa za msika woberekera mbande munyengo zosiyanasiyana.

Chiphunzitso cha zamoyo cha malo oberekera mbewu ndicho maziko a kuwongolera molondola malo oberekera zomera. Kafukufuku wozama pa kayendetsedwe ka mawonekedwe a zomera za mbande ndi photosynthesis ndi zochitika zina za thupi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe monga kuwala, kutentha, chinyezi ndi CO2 zithandiza kukhazikitsa chitsanzo cholumikizirana pakati pa mbewu ndi chilengedwe, chomwe chingachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu popanga mbewu ndikukweza ubwino ndi kupanga mbewu. Ubwino umapereka maziko a chiphunzitso. Pachifukwa ichi, ukadaulo wowongolera ndi zida zokhala ndi kuwala ngati maziko komanso kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, ndikusintha kupanga mbewu ndi mitundu yapadera ya zomera, kufanana kwakukulu komanso khalidwe lapamwamba kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira pakulima kwakukulu komanso kugwira ntchito kwa makina m'mafakitale a zomera zitha kupangidwa. Pamapeto pake, imapereka maziko aukadaulo omangira makina opanga mbewu za digito ndikukwaniritsa kubereketsa mbewu za digito m'mafakitale a zomera.

Wolemba: Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, etc. 

Chidziwitso cha mawu:

Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, Yang Qichang. Zipangizo zazikulu zaukadaulo ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale obereketsa mbande m'mafakitale a zomera [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2021,42(4):12-15.