Ndemanga

Pakalipano, fakitale ya zomera yazindikira bwino kuswana kwa mbande zamasamba monga nkhaka, tomato, tsabola, biringanya, ndi mavwende, kupatsa alimi mbande zapamwamba m'magulu, ndipo ntchito yokolola ikadzabzala imakhala yabwino.Mafakitole omera akhala njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira mbande m'makampani azamasamba, ndipo amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri polimbikitsa kusintha kwazakudya zamasamba, kuwonetsetsa kuti masamba amatauni komanso masamba obiriwira amapangidwa.

Chomera mbande kuswana dongosolo dongosolo ndi kiyi zipangizo zamakono

Monga njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira mbande zaulimi pakadali pano, njira yobereketsa mbande zobzala mbande imaphatikiza njira zambiri zaukadaulo kuphatikiza kuunikira kopanga, kuperekera zakudya zopatsa thanzi, kuwongolera zachilengedwe kwa magawo atatu, kugwiritsa ntchito makina othandizira, kasamalidwe kanzeru, ndi zina zambiri, ndikuphatikiza biotechnology, zambiri ukadaulo ndi luntha lochita kupanga.Kupambana kwanzeru ndi zina zamakono kumalimbikitsa chitukuko chosalekeza chamakampani. 

Makina opangira magetsi a LED

Kupanga malo opangira kuwala ndi imodzi mwamakina ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mbande m'mafakitale a mbewu, komanso ndiyomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri popanga mbande.Kuwala kwa mafakitale opanga zomera kumakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu, ndipo chilengedwe chowala chimatha kuyendetsedwa kuchokera kumagulu angapo monga kuwala kwa kuwala, kuwala kowala ndi photoperiod, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zowunikira zimatha kukonzedwa ndikuphatikizidwa mu ndondomeko ya nthawi kuti apange njira yopepuka yobzala mbande, kuonetsetsa kuti kuwala kuli koyenera kulima mbande mochita kupanga.Chifukwa chake, kutengera mawonekedwe akufunika kwa kuwala ndi zolinga zopanga za kukula kosiyanasiyana kwa mbande, mwa kukhathamiritsa magawo a chilinganizo cha kuwala ndi njira yoperekera kuwala, gwero lapadera lopulumutsa mphamvu la LED lapangidwa, lomwe lingathe kusintha kwambiri kutembenuka kwamphamvu kwa mbande. , kulimbikitsa kudzikundikira kwa mbande za mbande, ndikuwongolera kachulukidwe ka mbande, ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi ndalama zopangira.Komanso, kuwala chilengedwe malamulo ndi yofunika luso njira m`kati zoweta mbande ndi machiritso a kumtengowo mbande.

Detachable Mipikisano wosanjikiza ofukula mbande dongosolo

Kuweta mbande mufakitale ya mbewu kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito masanjidwe amitundu itatu.Kupyolera mu dongosolo la modular, kusonkhanitsa mwamsanga kwa mbande kungathe kuzindikirika.Kutalikirana pakati pa mashelefu kungasinthidwe kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira za danga la mbande zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikusintha kwambiri kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo.Kuonjezera apo, kamangidwe kake ka mbewa, kuunikira, ndi kuthirira madzi ndi feteleza kumathandiza kuti mbedza ikhale ndi ntchito zoyendera, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kupita ku zokambirana zosiyanasiyana monga kufesa, kumera ndi kulera, komanso kuchepetsa ntchito. kugwiritsa ntchito thireyi ya mmera.

Detachable Mipikisano wosanjikiza ofukula mbande dongosolo 

Madzi ndi feteleza ulimi wothirira makamaka utenga mafunde amtundu, mtundu utsi ndi njira zina, mwa kulamulira yeniyeni nthawi ndi mafupipafupi a kotunga mchere yankho, tikwaniritse yunifolomu kotunga ndi ntchito bwino madzi ndi mchere zakudya.Kuphatikizika ndi njira yapadera yothandizira mbande, imatha kukwaniritsa kukula ndi kukula kwa mbande ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mbande zikule mwachangu komanso mwathanzi.Kuphatikiza apo, kudzera mu njira yodziwira ma ion ion pa intaneti komanso njira yochepetsera michere, michere imatha kubwezeredwa pakapita nthawi, ndikupewa kudzikundikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso ma metabolites achiwiri omwe amakhudza kukula kwa mbande. 

Environmental Control System

Kuwongolera moyenera komanso moyenera chilengedwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zamakina ofalitsa mbande za fakitale.Mapangidwe akunja a fakitale ya zomera nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zomwe zimakhala zowoneka bwino komanso zotetezera kwambiri.Pazifukwa izi, kuwongolera kwa kuwala, kutentha, chinyezi, liwiro la mphepo, ndi CO2 sikukhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe.Kudzera pomanga chitsanzo CFD kukhathamiritsa masanjidwe a mpweya ngalande, pamodzi ndi yaying'ono kulamulira njira, yunifolomu kugawa zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha, chinyezi, mphepo liwiro, ndi CO2 mu mkulu-kachulukidwe chikhalidwe danga akhoza. kukwaniritsidwa.Kuwongolera kwachilengedwe kwanzeru kumazindikiridwa ndi masensa omwe amagawidwa ndi kuwongolera kulumikizana, ndipo nthawi yeniyeni yoyang'anira malo onse olima imachitika kudzera mu kulumikizana pakati pa gawo loyang'anira ndi dongosolo lowongolera.Kuonjezera apo, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ozizira komanso kuyendayenda kwa madzi, kuphatikizapo kuyambitsa magwero ozizira akunja, kungathe kukwaniritsa kuzizira kopulumutsa mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mpweya.

Makina othandizira opangira zida

Njira yobereketsa mbande ya fakitale ndi yokhwima, kachulukidwe kake ndi kachulukidwe, malowo ndi ocheperako, ndipo zida zothandizira zokha ndizofunikira.Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zothandizira paotomatiki sikungothandiza kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, komanso kumathandizira kukonza bwino kwa malo olima.Zida zodzichitira zomwe zapangidwa mpaka pano zikuphatikizapo pulagi nthaka chophimba makina, seeder, Ankalumikiza makina, AGV Logistics conveying trolley, etc. Motsogozedwa ndi kuthandiza wanzeru kasamalidwe nsanja, ntchito unmanned ya ndondomeko yonse ya mbande kuswana akhoza kwenikweni kukhala. anazindikira.Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wowonera makina umagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakubzala mbande.Sizimangothandiza kuyang'anira kukula kwa mbande, zimathandizira kasamalidwe ka mbande zamalonda, komanso zimapanganso kufufuza mbande zofooka ndi mbande zakufa.Dzanja la loboti limachotsa ndikudzaza mbande.

Ubwino wa kuswana kwa mbande za fakitale

Kuwongolera kwapamwamba kwa chilengedwe kumathandizira kupanga pachaka

Chifukwa cha kuswana kwa mbande, kuwongolera malo obzala ndikofunikira kwambiri.Pansi pa fakitale ya zomera, zinthu zachilengedwe monga kuwala, kutentha, madzi, mpweya, feteleza ndi CO2 zimayendetsedwa bwino, zomwe zingapereke malo abwino kwambiri a kukula kwa mbande, mosasamala kanthu za nyengo ndi madera.Kuphatikiza apo, pakuswana mbande zomezanitsidwa ndi mbande zodula, njira yolumikizira machiritso a bala ndi kusiyanitsa kwa mizu imafunikira kuwongolera kwachilengedwe kwapamwamba, ndipo mafakitale obzala nawonso amanyamula zabwino kwambiri.Kusinthasintha kwa chilengedwe cha fakitale ya zomera palokha kumakhala kolimba, kotero ndikofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale mbande zamasamba mu nyengo zosaswana kapena m'madera ovuta kwambiri, ndipo zingapereke chithandizo cha mbande kuti zitsimikizire kupezeka kwa masamba osatha.Komanso, mbande kuswana wa mafakitale zomera si malire ndi danga, ndipo akhoza kuchitidwa pomwepo m'madera ozungulira mizinda ndi anthu ammudzi malo.Zomwe zimapangidwira zimakhala zosinthika komanso zosinthika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azipanga zambiri komanso mbande zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimapereka chithandizo chofunikira pakukula kwa ulimi wamaluwa akumidzi. 

Kufupikitsa nthawi yoswana ndikusintha mbande zabwino

Pansi pamikhalidwe ya fakitale ya zomera, chifukwa cha kuwongolera bwino kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za kukula kwa chilengedwe, nthawi yobereketsa mbande imafupikitsidwa ndi 30% mpaka 50% poyerekeza ndi njira zachikhalidwe.Kufupikitsa nthawi yoweta kungathe kuonjezera kachulukidwe ka mbande, kuonjezera ndalama za mlimi, komanso kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa kagwiridwe ka ntchito komwe kamabwera chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa msika.Kwa alimi, ndizothandiza kubzala ndi kubzala koyambirira, kukhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa msika, komanso kukweza mpikisano wamsika.Kumbali ina, mbande zomwe zimabzalidwa mufakitale yazomera zimakhala zowoneka bwino komanso zolimba, zowunikira komanso zowoneka bwino zimawongoleredwa bwino, ndipo ntchito yokolola ikatha kukhala yabwinoko.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti phwetekere, tsabola ndi nkhaka mbande zimaŵetedwa pansi zomera fakitale zinthu osati kusintha tsamba, kutalika kwa zomera, tsinde m'mimba mwake, mizu mphamvu ndi zizindikiro zina, komanso kusintha kusintha, kukana matenda, maluwa kusiyanitsa pambuyo atsamunda.Ndipo kupanga ndi mbali zina zili ndi ubwino woonekeratu.Chiwerengero cha maluwa achikazi pa chomera chinawonjezeka ndi 33.8% ndipo chiwerengero cha zipatso pa chomera chinawonjezeka ndi 37.3% mutabzala mbande za nkhaka zomwe zimabzalidwa m'mafakitale a zomera.Ndi kuzama kosalekeza kwa kafukufuku wazongopeka pa zamoyo za kakulidwe ka mbande, mafakitole azomera azikhala olondola komanso osinthika popanga kapangidwe ka mbande ndikuwongolera zochitika zathupi.

 Kuyerekeza dziko la kumtengowo mbande mu greenhouses ndi zomera mafakitale

Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zochepetsera mbande

Fakitale yamafakitale imagwiritsa ntchito njira zobzala zokhazikika, zodziwitsidwa komanso zamakampani, kuti ulalo uliwonse wopangira mbande usamayende bwino, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu kumakhala bwino.Mbewu ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuweta mbande.Chifukwa cha kusagwira ntchito bwino komanso kusakhazikika kwa chilengedwe kwa mbande zachikhalidwe, pamakhala zovuta monga kusameretsa kapena kufowoka kwa njere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewuyo iwonongeke kwambiri kuchokera ku mbewu kupita ku mbande zamalonda.M'malo opangira mbewu, posamalira mbewu, kubzala bwino komanso kuwongolera bwino malo obzala, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mbeu kumakhala bwino, ndipo mlingo ukhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi 30%.Madzi, feteleza ndi zinthu zinanso ndizomwe zimawononga ndalama zambiri poweta mbande zachikhalidwe, ndipo vuto la zinyalala ndizovuta kwambiri.Pansi pamikhalidwe ya mafakitale azomera, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wothirira mwatsatanetsatane, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwamadzi ndi feteleza kumatha kuonjezeredwa ndi 70%.Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa kapangidwe ka fakitale yokhayokha komanso kufananiza kwa chilengedwe, mphamvu ndi CO2 kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake pofalitsa mbande zimathandizanso kwambiri.

Poyerekeza ndi kukwetsa mbande zapoyera ndi kukwetsa mbande zobiriwira, chinthu chachikulu kwambiri pakuweta mbande m'mafakitale a mbewu ndikuti chitha kuchitidwa munjira yamitundu itatu yamitundu itatu.Mu fakitale ya zomera, kuswana kwa mbande kumatha kukulitsidwa kuchokera ku ndege kupita kumalo oyimirira, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri kuswana kwa mbande pagawo lililonse la nthaka ndikuwongolera kwambiri kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka danga.Mwachitsanzo, muyezo gawo la mbande kuswana opangidwa ndi zamoyo kampani, pansi pa chikhalidwe kuphimba dera 4.68 ㎡, akhoza kuswana oposa 10,000 mbande mu mtanda umodzi, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito 3.3 Mu (2201.1 ㎡) masamba kupanga zosowa.Pansi pa kachulukidwe kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka magawo atatu, kuthandizira zida zothandizira zokha komanso njira zoyendetsera zinthu zanzeru zitha kupititsa patsogolo luso la ntchito ndikupulumutsa antchito ndi 50%.

Kukula kwamphamvu kwa mbande kumathandizira kupanga zobiriwira

Malo opangira ukhondo a fakitale ya zomera amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kubuka kwa tizirombo ndi matenda m'malo oswana.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kupyolera mwa kukonzedwa bwino kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, mbande zopangidwa zimakhala ndi kukana kwakukulu, zomwe zingathe kuchepetsa kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo panthawi yofalitsa mbande ndi kubzala.Kuphatikiza apo, pakuweta mbande zapadera monga mbande zomezanitsidwa ndi mbande zodulira, njira zowongolera zobiriwira monga kuwala, kutentha, madzi ndi feteleza mufakitale yazomera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwakugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa mahomoni muzachikhalidwe kuti zitsimikizire. chitetezo cha chakudya, kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe, ndi kukwaniritsa mbande zobiriwira Kupanga kosatha.

Kusanthula mtengo wopangira 

Njira zopangira mafakitale kuonjezera phindu lazachuma la mbande makamaka zikuphatikizapo magawo awiri.Kumbali imodzi, pokonza mapangidwe apangidwe, ntchito yokhazikika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zanzeru ndi zida, zitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu, magetsi ndi ntchito pobzala mbande, ndikuwongolera madzi, feteleza, kutentha, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. .Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa gasi ndi CO2 kumachepetsa mtengo woswana mbande;Komano, kupyolera mu kuwongolera bwino kwa chilengedwe ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, nthawi yoswana ya mbande imafupikitsidwa, ndi kuswana kwapachaka ndi zokolola za mbande pa malo a unit zikuwonjezeka, zomwe zimakhala zopikisana kwambiri pamsika. 

Ndi chitukuko cha luso laumisiri wa fakitale ya zomera ndi kuzama kosalekeza kwa kafukufuku wa chilengedwe cha chilengedwe pa kulima mbande, mtengo wobzala mbande m'mafakitale a zomera umakhala wofanana ndi wa kulima kwachikhalidwe cha wowonjezera kutentha, ndipo ubwino ndi mtengo wamsika wa mbande ndi wapamwamba.Kutengera mbande ya nkhaka monga chitsanzo, zida zopangira zimawerengera kuchuluka kwakukulu, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 37% ya mtengo wonse, kuphatikiza mbewu, njira yazakudya, ma tray a pulagi, magawo, ndi zina zambiri. mtengo, kuphatikiza kuunikira kwa mbewu, zoziziritsira mpweya ndi michere yothetsera kupopera mphamvu zamagetsi, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe ndi njira yayikulu yakukhathamiritsa kwamtsogolo.Kuonjezera apo, kuchepa kwa ntchito ndi gawo la kupanga fakitale ya zomera.Ndi kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa digiri ya automation, mtengo wa ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito udzachepetsedwa kwambiri.M'tsogolomu, phindu lachuma la kuswana mbande m'mafakitale a zomera likhoza kupitilizidwa bwino popanga mbewu zamtengo wapatali komanso chitukuko cha teknoloji yolima mbande zamitengo yamtengo wapatali.

Mtengo wa nkhaka mmera /%

Mkhalidwe wa Industrialization

M'zaka zaposachedwa, mabungwe ofufuza asayansi omwe amaimiridwa ndi Urban Agriculture Research Institute ya Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ndi mabizinesi apamwamba kwambiri azindikira ntchito yobzala mbande m'mafakitale omera.Itha kupereka mbande zokhala ndi mzere wogwira ntchito wopangira mafakitale kuchokera ku mbewu mpaka zikamera.Pakati pawo, fakitale yopanga zomera ku Shanxi yomwe idamangidwa ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito mu 2019 imakhala ndi dera la 3,500 ㎡ ndipo imatha kubala mbande 800,000 za tsabola kapena mbande 550,000 za phwetekere mkati mwa masiku 30.Fakitale ina yobereketsa mbande yomangidwa imakhala ndi dera la 2300 ㎡ ndipo imatha kutulutsa mbande 8-10 miliyoni pachaka.Chomera chochiritsira chonyamula mbande chomezanitsidwa modziyimira pawokha ndi Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences chikhoza kupereka machiritso amzere ndi zoweta zoweta mbande zomezanitsidwa.Malo amodzi ogwira ntchito amatha kusamalira mbande zopitilira 10,000 panthawi imodzi.M'tsogolomu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yobereketsa mbande m'mafakitale a zomera ikuyembekezeka kukulitsidwanso, ndipo kuchuluka kwa makina opangira okha komanso luntha kupitilira kukula.

Chomera chochiritsira chonyamula mbande chomezanitsidwa chopangidwa ndi Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Outlook

Monga chonyamulira chatsopano chokwezera mbande m'mafakitale, mafakitale obzala ali ndi zabwino zambiri komanso kuthekera kochita malonda poyerekeza ndi njira zakale zokwezera mbande potsata kuwongolera chilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chuma ndi ntchito zokhazikika.Pochepetsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu monga mbewu, madzi, feteleza, mphamvu ndi anthu ogwira ntchito poweta mbande, komanso kupititsa patsogolo zokolola ndi ubwino wa mbande pagawo lililonse, mtengo wobzala mbande m’mafakitale udzatsika kwambiri, ndipo zokololazo zidzachepa. kukhala opikisana kwambiri pamsika.Pali kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mbande ku China.Kuphatikiza pa ulimi wa mbewu zachikale monga ndiwo zamasamba, mbande zoonjezera mtengo wamtengo wapatali monga maluwa, mankhwala azitsamba a ku China ndi mitengo yosowa zikuyembekezeredwa kubzalidwa m’mafakitale a zomera, ndipo phindu lachuma lidzakhala bwino.Pa nthawi yomweyo, mafakitale mbande kuswana nsanja ayenera kuganizira ngakhale ndi kusinthasintha osiyana mbande kuswana kukwaniritsa zosowa za mbande kuswana msika mu nyengo zosiyanasiyana.

Lingaliro lazachilengedwe la kuswana kwa mbande ndilofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera chilengedwe cha fakitale ya zomera.Kafukufuku wozama pa kayendetsedwe ka mawonekedwe a mmera ndi photosynthesis ndi zochitika zina zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe monga kuwala, kutentha, chinyezi ndi CO2 zidzathandiza kukhazikitsa mbande-chilengedwe mogwirizana chitsanzo, chomwe chingachepetse mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mbande komanso kuwongolera bwino ndi kupanga mbande.Quality amapereka maziko ongoyerekeza.Pamaziko awa, kuwongolera ukadaulo ndi zida zokhala ndi kuwala ngati pachimake komanso kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, ndikusintha mbande zokhala ndi mitundu yapadera yazomera, zofanana kwambiri komanso zapamwamba kwambiri kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za kulima kachulukidwe komanso ntchito zamakina muzomera. mafakitale akhoza kupangidwa.Pamapeto pake, imapereka maziko aukadaulo pomanga njira yopangira mbande za digito ndikuzindikira kuswana mbande zokhazikika, zopanda munthu komanso za digito m'mafakitole azomera.

Wolemba: Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, etc. 

Zambiri zotsatiridwa:

Xu Yaliang, Liu Xinying, Yang Qichang.Zida zamakono zamakono ndi mafakitale opanga mbande m'mafakitale a zomera [J].Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2021,42(4):12-15.