Wolemba: Jing Zhao, Zengchan Zhou, Yunlong Bu, etc.Source Media:Agricultural Engineering Technology (greenhouse horticulture)

Fakitale yamafakitale imaphatikiza mafakitale amakono, biotechnology, nutrient hydroponics ndiukadaulo wazidziwitso kuti agwiritse ntchito kuwongolera molondola kwambiri kwazinthu zachilengedwe pamalopo.Yatsekedwa mokwanira, ili ndi zofunikira zochepa pa malo ozungulira, imafupikitsa nthawi yokolola zomera, imapulumutsa madzi ndi feteleza, ndipo ndi ubwino wosapanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso osataya zinyalala, mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito nthaka ndi 40 mpaka 108 nthawi imeneyo. za kupanga poyera.Zina mwa izo, gwero lanzeru lopanga kuwala komanso kuwongolera kwake kwa chilengedwe zimathandizira kwambiri pakupangira kwake.

Monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha chilengedwe, kuwala kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera kukula kwa zomera ndi kagayidwe kazinthu."Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za fakitale ya zomera ndi gwero la kuwala kochita kupanga komanso kukwaniritsidwa kwa malamulo anzeru a chilengedwe" chakhala chigwirizano chambiri pamakampani.

Zomera zimafuna kuwala

Kuwala ndiko gwero lokhalo lamphamvu la photosynthesis ya zomera.Kuwala kwamphamvu, kuwala (sipekitiramu) ndi kusintha kwa kuwala kwanthawi ndi nthawi kumakhudza kwambiri kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu, zomwe kuwala kwamphamvu kumakhudza kwambiri chomera cha photosynthesis.

■ Kuwala kwambiri

Kuchuluka kwa kuwala kumatha kusintha kapangidwe ka mbewu, monga maluwa, kutalika kwa internode, makulidwe a tsinde, kukula ndi makulidwe a masamba.Zofunikira za zomera kuti zikhale zowala kwambiri zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu okonda kuwala, okonda kuwala kwapakati, ndi zomera zochepa zolekerera kuwala.Masamba nthawi zambiri ndi zomera zokonda kuwala, ndipo malo ake obwezera kuwala ndi machulukidwe a kuwala amakhala okwera kwambiri.M'mafakitale opangira magetsi opangira kuwala, zofunikira zoyenera za mbewu kuti ziwonjezeke kwambiri ndi maziko ofunikira posankha magwero opangira magetsi.Kumvetsetsa zofunikira za kuwala kwa zomera zosiyanasiyana ndikofunikira popanga magwero owunikira opangira, Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a dongosolo.

■ Kuwala khalidwe

Kuwala kwabwino (zowoneka) kumakhalanso ndi chikoka pa photosynthesis ya zomera ndi morphogenesis (Chithunzi 1).Kuwala ndi gawo la ma radiation, ndipo ma radiation ndi mafunde a electromagnetic wave.Mafunde a electromagnetic ali ndi mawonekedwe a mafunde ndi mawonekedwe a quantum (tinthu tating'ono).Kuchuluka kwa kuwala kumatchedwa photon m'munda wa horticulture.Ma radiation okhala ndi kutalika kwa 300 ~ 800nm ​​amatchedwa physiologically yogwira ma radiation a zomera;ndipo ma radiation okhala ndi kutalika kwa 400 ~ 700nm amatchedwa photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) ya zomera.

Chlorophyll ndi carotenes ndi mitundu iwiri yofunika kwambiri mu photosynthesis ya zomera.Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a mayamwidwe amtundu uliwonse wa photosynthetic pigment, momwe mayamwidwe a chlorophyll amakhazikika m'magulu ofiira ndi abuluu.Dongosolo lowunikira limatengera zosowa zowoneka bwino za mbewu kuti ziwonjezere kuwala, kuti zilimbikitse photosynthesis ya zomera.

■ chithunzi
Ubale wa photosynthesis ndi photomorphogenesis wa zomera ndi utali wa tsiku (kapena nthawi ya photoperiod) umatchedwa photoperiodity ya zomera.Photoperiodity imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nthawi ya kuwala, yomwe imatanthawuza nthawi yomwe mbewu imayatsidwa ndi kuwala.Mbewu zosiyanasiyana zimafuna maola angapo a kuwala kuti amalize kujambula chithunzi kuti chiphuka ndi kubala zipatso.Malingana ndi ma photoperiods osiyanasiyana, amatha kugawidwa muzomera zamasiku ambiri, monga kabichi, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimafuna maola oposa 12-14h kuwala pa nthawi inayake ya kukula kwake;mbewu zamasiku ochepa, monga anyezi, soya, ndi zina zambiri, zimafunikira maola ochepera 12-14h;mbewu zapakati padzuwa, monga nkhaka, tomato, tsabola, ndi zina zotero, zimatha kuphuka ndi kubala zipatso pakakhala dzuwa lalitali kapena lalifupi.
Pakati pa zinthu zitatu za chilengedwe, mphamvu ya kuwala ndi maziko ofunikira posankha magetsi opangira magetsi.Pakalipano, pali njira zambiri zowonetsera mphamvu ya kuwala, makamaka kuphatikizapo zitatu zotsatirazi.
(1) Kuwala kumatanthawuza kuchulukira kwapamwamba kwa kuwala kowala (kutuluka kowala pagawo lililonse) kulandiridwa pa ndege yowunikira, mu lux (lx).

(2) Ma radiation a Photosynthetically yogwira ntchito, PAR, Unit: W/m².

(3) The photosynthetically yogwira photon flux kachulukidwe PPFD kapena PPF ndi chiwerengero cha kuwala kwa dzuwa komwe kumafika kapena kudutsa mu nthawi ya unit ndi unit area, unit:μmol/(m²·s).Makawirikawiri amatanthauza mphamvu ya kuwala kwa 400~700nm zogwirizana ndi photosynthesis.Ndichizindikiro chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mbewu.

Kuwunika kwa magwero amagetsi amagetsi owonjezera
Chowonjezera cha kuwala kochita kupanga ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya kuwala m'dera lomwe mukufuna kapena kukulitsa nthawi yowunikira pokhazikitsa njira yowunikira yowonjezera kuti ikwaniritse zosowa za zomera.Nthawi zambiri, njira yowunikira yowonjezera imaphatikizapo zida zowunikira zowonjezera, mabwalo ndi machitidwe ake owongolera.Kuwala kowonjezera kumaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo yodziwika bwino monga nyali za incandescent, nyali za fulorosenti, nyali zachitsulo za halide, nyali za sodium ndi ma LED.Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magetsi ndi kuwala kwa nyali za incandescent, mphamvu zochepa za photosynthetic mphamvu ndi zofooka zina, zathetsedwa ndi msika, kotero kuti nkhaniyi sikusanthula mwatsatanetsatane.

■ Nyali ya fulorosenti
Nyali za fluorescent ndi zamtundu wa nyali zotulutsa mpweya wochepa.Chubu lagalasi limadzazidwa ndi mercury vapor kapena gasi wa inert, ndipo khoma lamkati la chubu limakutidwa ndi ufa wa fulorosenti.Kuwala kowala kumasiyanasiyana ndi zinthu za fulorosenti zokutidwa mu chubu.Nyali za fulorosenti zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino, kuwala kowala kwambiri, mphamvu zochepa, moyo wautali (12000h) poyerekeza ndi nyali za incandescent, komanso zotsika mtengo.Chifukwa nyali ya fulorosenti imatulutsa kutentha pang'ono, imatha kukhala pafupi ndi zomera kuti iwunikire ndipo ndi yoyenera kulima katatu.Komabe, mawonekedwe a spectral a nyali ya fulorosenti sizomveka.Njira yodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndikuwonjezera zowunikira kuti ziwonjezeke bwino magawo amagetsi a mbewu m'malo olimapo.Kampani yaku Japan adv-agri yapanganso mtundu watsopano wamagetsi owonjezera a HEFL.HEFL kwenikweni ndi ya gulu la nyali za fulorosenti.Ndiwo mawu ambiri a nyali zozizira za cathode fluorescent (CCFL) ndi nyali zakunja za electrode fluorescent (EEFL), ndipo ndi nyali yosakanikirana ya electrode fulorosenti.Chubu cha HEFL ndi choonda kwambiri, chokhala ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 4mm, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kusinthidwa kuchokera ku 450mm mpaka 1200mm malinga ndi zosowa za kulima.Ndiwowongoleredwa bwino wa nyali wamba wamba.

■ Nyali yachitsulo ya halide
Nyali yachitsulo ya halide ndi nyali yothamanga kwambiri yomwe imatha kusangalatsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti ipange mafunde osiyanasiyana powonjezerapo ma halides zitsulo zosiyanasiyana (tin bromide, sodium iodide, etc.) mu chubu chotulutsa pamaziko a nyali yamphamvu kwambiri ya mercury.Nyali za halogen zimakhala ndi kuwala kwakukulu, mphamvu zambiri, kuwala kwabwino, moyo wautali, ndi mawonekedwe akuluakulu.Komabe, chifukwa kuwala kowala kumakhala kocheperako kuposa nyali zothamanga kwambiri za sodium, ndipo nthawi yamoyo ndi yaifupi kuposa ya nyali za sodium yamphamvu kwambiri, pakadali pano imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ochepa okha.

■ Nyali ya sodium yochuluka kwambiri
Nyali zapamwamba za sodium zimakhala zamtundu wa nyali zotulutsa mpweya wothamanga kwambiri.Nyali yothamanga kwambiri ya sodium ndi nyali yogwira ntchito kwambiri yomwe mpweya wambiri wa sodium umadzaza mu chubu chotulutsa, ndipo xenon (Xe) ndi mercury metal halide imawonjezeredwa.Chifukwa nyali zothamanga kwambiri za sodium zimakhala ndi ma electro-optical conversion bwino kwambiri komanso mtengo wotsika wopanga, nyali za sodium zothamanga kwambiri ndizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunikira kowonjezera m'malo aulimi.Komabe, chifukwa cha zofooka za kutsika kwa photosynthetic dzuwa mu sipekitiramu yawo, ali ndi zofooka za kuchepa kwa mphamvu.Kumbali inayi, zigawo zowoneka bwino zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi nyali zothamanga kwambiri za sodium zimakhazikika kwambiri mu gulu lowala lachikasu-lalanje, lomwe lilibe mawonekedwe ofiira ndi abuluu omwe amafunikira kukula kwa mbewu.

■ Diode yotulutsa kuwala
Monga m'badwo watsopano wa magetsi, ma LED otulutsa kuwala ali ndi ubwino wambiri monga kusinthasintha kwapamwamba kwa electro-optical conversion, spectrum yosinthika, ndi photosynthetic kwambiri.LED imatha kutulutsa kuwala kwa monochromatic komwe kumafunikira pakukula kwa mbewu.Poyerekeza ndi nyali za fulorosenti wamba ndi magwero ena owonjezera, LED ili ndi ubwino wopulumutsa mphamvu, kuteteza chilengedwe, moyo wautali, kuwala kwa monochromatic, kuwala kozizira ndi zina zotero.Ndi kukonzanso kwina kwa magetsi a electro-optical ma LED komanso kutsika kwa ndalama zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kukula kwake, njira zowunikira zowunikira za LED zidzakhala zida zowunikira kwambiri m'malo aulimi.Zotsatira zake, nyali zakukula kwa LED zagwiritsidwa ntchito pamafakitale a 99.9%.

Kupyolera mu kuyerekezera, mawonekedwe a magwero owonjezera owonjezera amatha kumveka bwino, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Gulu 1.

Chida chowunikira cham'manja
Kuchuluka kwa kuwala kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukula kwa mbewu.Kulima katatu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale a zomera.Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kamangidwe ka malo olimapo, kugawanika kosagwirizana kwa kuwala ndi kutentha pakati pa ma racks kudzakhudza zokolola za mbewu ndipo nthawi yokolola sidzagwirizanitsidwa.Kampani ina ku Beijing yapanga bwino chipangizo chonyamulira chowunikira chapamanja (HPS lighting fixture and LED grow lighting fixture) mu 2010. Mfundo yake ndikuzungulira shaft yoyendetsa ndikuyika chowongolera pogwedeza chogwirira kuti chizungulire chowongolera chaching'ono. kukwaniritsa cholinga chobweza ndi kumasula chingwe chawaya.Chingwe cha waya cha kuwala kokulirapo chimalumikizidwa ndi gudumu lopindika la elevator kudzera pamaseti angapo a mawilo obwerera, kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwa kutalika kwa kuwala kwa kukula.Mu 2017, kampani yomwe tatchulayi idapanga ndikupanga chida chatsopano chowonjezera chowunikira, chomwe chingathe kusintha kutalika kwake kowonjezera mu nthawi yeniyeni malinga ndi zosowa za kukula kwa mbewu.Chipangizo chosinthira tsopano chayikidwa pa 3-wosanjikiza gwero lonyamulira gwero lamitundu itatu.Chosanjikiza chapamwamba cha chipangizocho ndi mlingo womwe uli ndi kuwala kwabwino kwambiri, kotero umakhala ndi nyali zothamanga kwambiri za sodium;wosanjikiza wapakati ndi wosanjikiza pansi amakhala ndi nyali za kukula kwa LED ndi njira yokweza yokweza.Ikhoza kusintha kutalika kwa kuwala kwa kukula kuti ipereke malo abwino owunikira mbewu.

Poyerekeza ndi chida chowonjezera chamagetsi chopangidwira kulima mbali zitatu, dziko la Netherlands lapanga chipangizo choyatsira chowongolera chosunthika cha LED.Pofuna kupewa kukopa kwa mthunzi wa kuwala kwa kukula pakukula kwa zomera padzuwa, kukula kwa kuwala kungathe kukankhidwira mbali zonse za bulaketi kudzera pa telescopic slide molunjika, kuti dzuwa likhale lokwanira. kuwala pa zomera;pamasiku amitambo ndi mvula popanda kuwala kwa dzuwa, Kanikizani njira yowunikira kukula pakati pa bulaketi kuti kuwala kwa dongosolo lakukula kudzaza mbewu;sunthani makina ounikira mopingasa kudzera pa slide pa bulaketi, pewani kusokoneza pafupipafupi ndikuchotsa makina ounikira, ndikuchepetsa kulimbikira kwa ogwira ntchito, motero kuwongolera bwino ntchito.

Kupanga malingaliro amtundu wamtundu wowala
Sizovuta kuwona kuchokera pamapangidwe a chipangizo chowunikira chowonjezera chamagetsi kuti mapangidwe opangira magetsi owonjezera a fakitale ya mbewu nthawi zambiri amatenga kuwala kowala, kuwala kowala komanso mawonekedwe azithunzi zanthawi zosiyanasiyana zakukula kwa mbewu monga zomwe zili pachimake pakupanga. , kudalira dongosolo lolamulira mwanzeru kuti ligwiritse ntchito, kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu cha kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi zokolola zambiri.

Pakalipano, kamangidwe ndi kumanga kuwala kowonjezera kwa masamba amasamba pang'onopang'ono kukhwima.Mwachitsanzo, masamba a masamba atha kugawidwa m’magawo anayi: siteji ya mbande, kakulidwe kapakati, kakulidwe mochedwa, ndi siteji yomalizira;masamba a zipatso akhoza kugawidwa mu siteji ya mbande, siteji ya kukula kwa zomera, siteji ya maluwa, ndi nthawi yokolola.Kuchokera ku mphamvu ya kuwala kowonjezera, kuwala kwa mbande kumayenera kutsika pang'ono, pa 60 ~ 200 μmol/(m² · s), kenako pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka.Zamasamba zamasamba zimatha kufika pa 100~200 μmol/(m²·s), ndipo masamba a zipatso amatha kufika 300~500 μmol/(m²·s) kuti atsimikizire kuwala kwamphamvu kwa photosynthesis ya zomera nthawi iliyonse ya kukula ndikukwaniritsa zosowa za zokolola zambiri;Pankhani ya kuwala kowala, chiŵerengero chofiira ndi buluu ndichofunika kwambiri.Kuti mbande ziwonjezeke komanso kuti mbande zisamakule kwambiri, mbande zofiira ndi zabuluu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika [(1~2):1], kenako zimachepetsedwa kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za mbewu. kuwala morphology.Chiyerekezo cha zofiira ndi buluu ndi masamba a masamba chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa ku (3-6): 1.Kwa photoperiod, yofanana ndi kuwala kwa kuwala, iyenera kusonyeza chizolowezi chowonjezeka ndi kuwonjezereka kwa nthawi ya kukula, kuti masamba a masamba azikhala ndi nthawi yambiri ya photosynthesis ya photosynthesis.Mapangidwe owonjezera opepuka a zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba adzakhala ovuta kwambiri.Kuphatikiza pa malamulo ofunikira omwe tawatchulawa, tiyenera kuganizira za kukhazikitsidwa kwa photoperiod pa nthawi ya maluwa, ndipo maluwa ndi fruiting a masamba ayenera kulimbikitsidwa, kuti asawononge.

Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti fomula yowunikira iyenera kukhala ndi chithandizo chakumapeto kwa zokhazikitsira chilengedwe.Mwachitsanzo, mosalekeza kuwala supplementation akhoza kwambiri patsogolo zokolola ndi khalidwe la hydroponic leafy masamba mbande, kapena ntchito UV mankhwala kwambiri kusintha zikumera ndi masamba masamba (makamaka wofiirira Masamba ndi wofiira tsamba letesi) zakudya khalidwe.

Kuphatikiza pa kukhathamiritsa kowonjezera kuwala kwa mbewu zosankhidwa, njira yowongolera magwero a kuwala kwa mafakitale ena opangira magetsi akukulanso mwachangu m'zaka zaposachedwa.Dongosolo lowongolerali nthawi zambiri limatengera mawonekedwe a B/S.Kuwongolera kwakutali ndikuwongolera zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha, chinyezi, kuwala, ndi CO2 ndende pakukula kwa mbewu kumachitika kudzera pa WIFI, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, njira yopangira yomwe siyimaletsedwa ndi zochitika zakunja.Mtundu uwu wamagetsi owonjezera anzeru amagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa LED kukula monga gwero la kuwala kowonjezera, kuphatikizidwa ndi dongosolo lakutali lanzeru, limatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kuwala kwa kuwala kwa zomera, makamaka oyenera malo olima zomera, ndipo amatha kukwaniritsa zofuna za msika. .

Mawu omaliza
Mafakitole a zomera amaonedwa kuti ndi njira yofunikira yothetsera mavuto a padziko lonse, chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chilengedwe m'zaka za zana la 21, komanso njira yofunikira yopezera chakudya chokwanira pamapulojekiti apamwamba kwambiri amtsogolo.Monga mtundu watsopano wa njira yopangira ulimi, mafakitale opangira mbewu akadali pamlingo wophunzirira ndi kukula, ndipo chidwi ndi kafukufuku zikufunika.Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za makhalidwe ndi ubwino wa njira zowunikira zowonjezera zowonjezera m'mafakitale a zomera, ndipo imayambitsa malingaliro apangidwe a machitidwe owunikira owonjezera a mbewu.Sizovuta kupeza poyerekezera, kuti muthane ndi kuwala kochepa komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha nyengo yoopsa monga mitambo yosalekeza komanso chifunga komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mbewu zapamalo zizikhala zolimba komanso zokhazikika, zida za LED Grow light source zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chitukuko chapano. machitidwe.

Mayendedwe amtsogolo a mafakitale azomera akuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri zowunikira zatsopano, zotsika mtengo, zowongolera patali, makina osinthika amagetsi owunikira komanso makina owongolera akatswiri.Nthawi yomweyo, mafakitale azomera zam'tsogolo adzapitilizabe kukhala otsika mtengo, anzeru, komanso odzisintha okha.Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kutchuka kwa magwero owunikira a LED kumapereka chitsimikizo pakuwongolera bwino kwachilengedwe kwa mafakitale azomera.Kuwongolera chilengedwe cha kuwala kwa LED ndi njira yovuta yomwe imaphatikizapo kuwongolera bwino kwa kuwala, kulimba kwa kuwala, ndi kujambula.Akatswiri oyenerera ndi akatswiri akuyenera kuchita kafukufuku wozama, kulimbikitsa kuyatsa kowonjezera kwa LED m'mafakitole opangira magetsi.